C2.2 Bonding

• What are the two main categories of elements in chemistry?

  Metals and non-metals
• What are the chemical properties of metals and non-metals?

  Metals tend to lose electrons and form positive ions, while non-metals tend to gain electrons and form negative ions.
• What is the purpose of creating a table comparing the properties of metals and non-metals?

  • To clearly illustrate the differences in properties
  • To facilitate understanding of their chemical behavior
  • To aid in identifying elements based on their characteristics
• How can you determine if an element is a metal or a non-metal?

  By examining its position in the periodic table and its physical and chemical properties.
• What is the significance of the periodic table in chemistry?

  It organizes elements based on their atomic number and properties.
• How are electrons arranged in atoms?

  Electrons are arranged in shells around the nucleus of an atom.
• How do you find the electronic structure of an atom with atomic number 1?

  The electronic structure is 1, indicating one electron in the first shell.
• How is electronic structure related to the periodic table?

  The period number indicates the number of electron shells, while the group number indicates the number of electrons in the outer shell.
• What does the electronic structure of lithium indicate about its position in the periodic table?

  Lithium has 3 electrons, with 2 in the first shell and 1 in the second shell, placing it in Group 1.
• What are ions?


  Ions are charged particles that form when atoms gain or lose electrons.
• What are electron diagrams?

  Electron diagrams visually represent the arrangement of electrons in an atom.
• How can you determine the number of charges on an ion?

  The number of charges can be calculated based on the difference between the number of protons and electrons in the atom.
• What is the electronic structure of an ion?

  The electronic structure of an ion reflects the loss or gain of electrons compared to its neutral atom.
• How do ionic compounds form?

  Ionic compounds form when metals transfer electrons to non-metals, resulting in the formation of positive and negative ions.
• What does 'giant ionic lattice' mean?

  'Giant ionic lattice' refers to a three-dimensional structure where ions are held together by strong electrostatic forces in a repeating pattern.
• How does the structure and bonding in ionic compounds affect their properties?

  The strong ionic bonds in the lattice structure give ionic compounds high melting and boiling points.
• What is the empirical formula for a giant covalent structure?

  The empirical formula shows the simplest whole number ratio of atoms in the structure.
• Why is diamond considered to have a strong structure?

  Diamond has a strong covalent bonding structure, making it very hard and durable.
• How does the chemical formula of graphite differ from that of diamond?

  Graphite has a layered structure with weaker bonds between layers, while diamond has a three-dimensional network of strong covalent bonds.
• What are the characteristics of simple molecules?

  • Composed of a few atoms
  • Atoms are held together by covalent bonds
  • Examples include hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide
• What are covalent bonds?


  Covalent bonds are formed when two non-metal atoms share electrons.
• How can you represent covalent bonds in diagrams?

  Covalent bonds can be represented using dot-and-cross diagrams to show shared electrons.
• How do you draw a dot-and-cross diagram for water (H₂O)?

  In the diagram, oxygen shares electrons with two hydrogen atoms, showing two covalent bonds.
• What are the advantages and disadvantages of using dot-and-cross diagrams?

  Advantages include clarity in showing shared electrons; disadvantages include oversimplification of molecular shapes.
• What are giant covalent structures?

  Giant covalent structures are large networks of atoms bonded together by covalent bonds.
• What is the empirical formula for diamond?

  The empirical formula for diamond is C, indicating a simple ratio of carbon atoms.
• Why is it difficult to represent a giant covalent structure using dot-and-cross diagrams?

  Because giant covalent structures involve many atoms and complex bonding arrangements, making it hard to depict accurately.
• What are the properties of giant covalent structures?

  • High melting and boiling points
  • Hard and durable
  • Poor conductors of electricity (except graphite)
• Why can diamond be described as having a pure fracture?

  Diamond has a strong covalent bonding structure that leads to a clean break when fractured.
• What is the chemical formula for diamond?

  The chemical formula for diamond is $C$.
• Why is it difficult to write a chemical formula for giant covalent structures?

  Because they contain a very large number of atoms, making it impractical to represent them with a chemical formula.
• What does the empirical formula represent?

  The empirical formula shows the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound.
• What is the chemical formula for graphite?

  The chemical formula for graphite is also $C$, as it is another form of carbon.
• How do the structures of diamond and graphite differ?

  Diamond has a tetrahedral structure with strong covalent bonds, while graphite has layers of hexagonal arrangements with weaker van der Waals forces between layers.
• What are polymers?

  • Polymers are large molecules made up of repeating units called monomers.
  • They can be formed through addition or condensation reactions.
  • Examples include polythene, polypropylene, carbohydrates, DNA, and nylon.
• What is the process of forming polypropene?

  Polypropene is formed through the polymerization of propene monomers.
• How are polymer molecules modeled?

  Polymer molecules can be modeled using dot and cross diagrams, space-filling models, and ball-and-stick models.
• What are the advantages of thermosetting and thermoplastic polymers?

  Thermosetting polymers are heat-resistant and maintain their shape, while thermoplastic polymers can be reshaped upon heating.
• What is the structure of metals like?

  Metals have a closely packed structure with positive ions surrounded by a sea of delocalized electrons.
• What are metallic bonds?


  Metallic bonds are the electrostatic forces of attraction between positively charged metal ions and delocalized electrons.