Chem Lesson 1

• What is the carbonyl group?

  A group with a carbon atom that has a double bonded oxygen
• How is the name of a hydrocarbon structured?

  Hydrocarbon name = root word (number of carbon) + suffix (ane, ene, yne)
• What suffix is used for hydrocarbons with single bonds?

  ane
• What suffix is used for hydrocarbons with double bonds?

  ene
• What suffix is used for hydrocarbons with triple bonds?

  yne
• What are the root words for hydrocarbons based on the number of carbon atoms?

  • 1: Meth
  • 2: Eth
  • 3: Prop
  • 4: But
  • 5: Pent
  • 6: Hex
  • 7: Hept
  • 8: Oct
  • 9: Non
  • 10: Dec
• What are hydrocarbons made up of?

  Hydrocarbons are made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms
• What are the three main types of hydrocarbons?

  • Alkanes: single bond hydrocarbons
  • Alkenes: at least one pair of double bonded atoms
  • Alkynes: at least one pair of triple bonded atoms
• What are hydrocarbon derivatives?

  Compounds primarily made out of carbon and hydrogen atoms with specific groups of atoms attached
• What are functional groups in hydrocarbons?

  Compounds primarily made of carbon and hydrogen atoms with specific groups attached
• What happens when alcohols are dehydrogenerated?

  We get a dehydrated alcohol, also known as aldehyde
• What are esters derived from?

  • Derived from carboxylic acid
  • One hydroxyl group is replaced by a single bonded alkyl group
• What are amines?


  • Derivatives of ammonia
  • One or more hydrogen atoms replaced by an alkyl group
• What defines an ether?

  An ether is an oxygen atom connected to two alkyl groups
• What is the general formula for alkanes?


  C$n$H$2n +$$2$
• What is the general formula for alkenes?

  C$n$H$2n$
• What is the general formula for alkynes?

  C$n$H$2n - 2$
• What is the example of butene?


  C$4H_8$
• How do you name alcohols?

  Base chain name + change ending to -ol
• What is ethanol also known as?

  Ethyl alcohol
• What is a primary alcohol?

  A carbon that the hydroxyl group is attached to is only attached to one other carbon
• What is a secondary alcohol?

  A hydroxyl group is attached to a carbon atom that is attached to two other carbons
• What is a tertiary alcohol?

  A carbon attached to three other carbons
• How do you name aldehydes?

  • Base chain name + change ending to -al
  • Carbonyl group at the end of the chain
• How do you name ketones?

  • Base chain name + change ending to -one
  • Carbonyl group in the middle of the chain
• What is formed when a ketone, aldehyde, or alcohol reacts with water?

  Carboxylic acids are formed
• What is methanol commonly known as?

  Formaldehyde
• What do primary alcohols yield when formed?

  Aldehydes
• What do secondary alcohols yield when formed?

  Ketones
• How do you name esters?

  • Separate the group without oxygen atoms (alkyls) and the group with oxygen atoms
  • Name them separately
  • Alkyl group name first, followed by the acid portion with the ending changed to -oate
• How do you name amines?

  • Add -amine to the name of the alkyl group
• How do you name ethers?

  • Name the side groups separately
  • Add the word ether