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Cards (31)
What are ionic compounds characterized by?
The
transfer
of
electrons
, leading to strong electrostatic attractions between ions.
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What physical properties are associated with ionic compounds?
High
melting
and
boiling
points
, and good electrical conductivity in molten or dissolved states.
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What do covalent compounds involve?
The
sharing
of
electrons.
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What are the typical physical properties of covalent compounds?
Lower
melting
and
boiling
points, and generally poor electrical conductivity.
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What is the IUPAC rule for naming ionic compounds?
Start with a
cation
Followed by an
anion
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What are monatomic cations?
Ions formed from a
single
atom
that has lost one or more electrons.
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How do metals typically form monatomic cations?
By losing
electrons
to achieve a stable electron configuration.
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How is the charge of a cation determined?
The charge is
equal
to the number of
electrons
lost.
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If a metal atom loses two electrons, what is the charge of the resulting cation?
+
2
charge.
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What are the rules for naming monatomic cations?
1. Use the
element's
name
followed by "ion."
2. No Roman numerals for main group metals (groups
1,
2
, and
13
).
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What are polyatomic cations?
Ions composed of more than
one
atom that collectively carry a
positive
charge.
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How are polyatomic cations typically held together?
By
covalent
bonds
, acting as a single charged entity in ionic compounds.
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What is the structure of polyatomic cations?
They consist of
multiple
atoms
bonded together, forming a unit with an overall positive charge.
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How is the positive charge of a polyatomic cation determined?
By the loss of
electrons
in the formation process.
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Why is it important to specify the charge of transition metals when naming them?
Because they can lose different numbers of
electrons
to form cations with various charges.
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What is the convention for indicating the charge of transition metal cations?
Use
Roman
numerals
in parentheses.
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What is the purpose of using Roman numerals in naming transition metal cations?
To provide a clear indication of the
charge
on the
ion.
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How does the use of Roman numerals maintain consistency in chemical literature?
It ensures that the
specific
ion
is accurately identified.
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What are the rules for naming transition metal cations?
1. Identify the
metal
and its possible
oxidation
states.
2. Determine the
charge
of the metal ion based on its
oxidation
state.
3. Use
Roman numerals
to indicate the charge.
4. Append
“ion”
to the metal name.
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What are monatomic anions?
Ions formed from a
single
atom
that has gained one or more
electrons.
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How are monatomic anions named?
By using the root name of the nonmetal element and adding "
ide.
"
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What is the optional step when naming monatomic anions?
Specifying the
charge
, though it's generally not included in the name.
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What are polyatomic anions?
Ions composed of more than one atom carrying a
negative
charge.
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What is a common feature of polyatomic anions?
They typically involve
oxygen
along with one or more other elements.
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What are the steps for naming polyatomic anions?
1. Identify the polyatomic anion and its components.
2. Use specific names derived from the elements involved.
3. Common suffixes:
"
ate
": Most common oxyanion form.
"
ite
": Oxyanion with one less oxygen than "
ate.
"
Prefixes: "
per-
" for one more oxygen, "
hypo-
" for one less oxygen.
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What is a binary ionic compound?
A compound formed by combining
monatomic cations
and
monatomic anions.
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What are the steps for naming binary ionic compounds?
1. Identify the
cation
(metal) and
anion
(non-metal).
2. Name the
cation
first, including
charge
in Roman numerals if applicable.
3. Name the anion second, using the
root
name and adding "
-ide.
"
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What is the chemical formula for sodium chloride?
NaCl.
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What is the chemical formula for magnesium oxide?
MgO.
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What is the chemical formula for calcium chloride?
CaCl₂.
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What is the crisscross rule for writing the chemical formula of ionic compounds?
1. Set the charge number of the ion as the
subscript
of the other ion.
2. A subscript of one (1) is not
explicitly
written.
3. If no subscript is present, it is understood to be one (
1
).
4. If subscripts are
reducible
, express them in the
simplest
ratio.
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