Electronic Structure

• What are electron shells made up of?

  Subshells and orbitals
• Electron shells can contain different subshells thic means that...

  They have different numbers of orbitals
• What can each subshell each hold

  2 electrons
• What's the electronic configuration?

  2, 8, 18, 32
• What is the primary focus of chemistry according to the study material?

  It is about determining what will react with what.
• What are the components of electronic structure in atoms?

  • Made up of subshells and orbitals
  • Organized around the nucleus in quantum shells (energy levels)
  • Principal quantum numbers indicate energy levels
• How does the energy level of shells relate to their distance from the nucleus?

  Shells further from the nucleus have a greater energy level than those closer to the nucleus.
• What is the maximum number of electrons that can be held in an orbital?

  • Each orbital can hold up to 2 electrons.
• What are the subshells and their corresponding maximum number of electrons in the first four quantum shells?

  1st Shell:

  • Subshell: 1s
  • Maximum Electrons: 2

  
  

  2nd Shell:

  • Subshells: 2s, 2p
  • Maximum Electrons: 8

  
  

  3rd Shell:

  • Subshells: 3s, 3p, 3d
  • Maximum Electrons: 18

  
  

  4th Shell:

  • Subshells: 4s, 4p, 4d, 4f
  • Maximum Electrons: 32
• How do you calculate the total number of electrons in each shell based on subshells?

  By summing the maximum electrons from each subshell in that shell.
• What is the characteristic shape of an s-orbital and a p-orbital?

  The s-orbital has a spherical shape and the p-orbital is a dumbell shape (90°)
• What is the significance of orbitals in electronic structure?

  Orbitals represent the space that an electron moves in.
• What does it mean for orbitals within the same subshell?

  They have the same energy.
• What is spin-pairing in the context of orbitals?

  It refers to the requirement that electrons in the same orbital must have opposite spins.
• How many p-orbitals are there in a subshell?

  There are 3 p-orbitals in a p subshell.
• What is the total number of orbitals in the 3rd quantum shell?

  There are 5 orbitals in the 3rd quantum shell (3s, 3p, 3d).
• What is the total number of orbitals in the 4th quantum shell?

  There are 7 orbitals in the 4th quantum shell (4s, 4p, 4d, 4f).
• The periodic table can be used to work out electronic configuration

  The s block is the left

  The p block is the right

  The d block is the transition metals
• How to work out electronic configuration of an ion?

  Add or minus electrons from last subshell
• Why is d block complicated?

  4s fills before 3d shell
• Why is chromium and copper odd?

  Donate one of their 4s electrons to 3d

  Cr = 1s2 2s2 sp6 3s2 3p6 3d5 4s1

  Cu = 1s2 2s2 sp2 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s1