Psychology Year 1

    Subdecks (5)

    Cards (500)

    • What is the definition of classical conditioning?
      Learning by association
    • What does Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) refer to?
      A stimulus producing a natural, unlearned response
    • What is an Unconditioned Response (UCR)?
      A response that occurs naturally (a reflex action)
    • What is a Neutral Stimulus (NS)?
      An environmental stimulus that does not produce a response itself
    • What is a Conditioned Stimulus (CS)?
      A stimulus that has been associated with a UCS so that it now produces the same response
    • What is a Conditioned Response (CR)?
      A behavior that is shown in response to a learned stimulus
    • What does stimulus generalization refer to in classical conditioning?
      CS produces the same behavior to similar stimuli after the response has been conditioned
    • How does stimulus discrimination differ from stimulus generalization?
      Learning only occurs in response to a specific stimulus
    • What is extinction in classical conditioning?
      Removal of a behavior when the CS is constantly presented without the UCS
    • What is spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning?
      An accelerated form of learning association after extinction
    • What is operant conditioning?
      Learning by consequence
    • Who is associated with the concept of operant conditioning?
      B.F. Skinner
    • What is the 'Law of Effect' in operant conditioning?
      Behavior followed by nice consequences will be replicated
    • What does the ABC model in operant conditioning stand for?
      Antecedent, Behavior, Consequence
    • What is positive reinforcement?
      Giving something good (a reward)
    • What is negative reinforcement?
      Removing something bad to make behavior occur more frequently
    • What is positive punishment?
      Giving something bad
    • What is negative punishment?
      Removing something good
    • What is the difference between primary and secondary reinforcement?
      Primary reinforcement satisfies basic needs, while secondary reinforcement is associated with primary reinforcers
    • What is continuous reinforcement?
      Desired behavior is reinforced every time it occurs
    • What is partial reinforcement?
      Desired behavior is only reinforced some of the time
    • What are the four schedules of partial reinforcement?
      1. Fixed Interval: Rewarding after a preset amount of time.
      2. Variable Interval: Rewarding after a set amount of time has passed.
      3. Fixed Ratio: Behavior reinforced after a preset number of responses.
      4. Variable Ratio: Behavior reinforced after a variable number of correct responses.
    • What is behavior modification?
      To extinguish undesirable behavior and replace it with desirable behavior
    • What is shaping behavior in operant conditioning?
      A method of successive approximations to gradually reinforce desirable behaviors
    • What is a token economy?
      A system that encourages desirable behavior through rewards and reduces undesirable behavior through punishment
    • What is social learning theory?
      Learning by observation
    • What is vicarious reinforcement?
      Learning that occurs by observing the consequences of others' behavior
    • What are the stages of social learning according to Bandura?
      1. Attention: Must pay attention to the model.
      2. Retention: Must store what has been attended to.
      3. Reproduction: Must show the modeled behavior.
      4. Motivation: More likely to reproduce if there is a reward.
    • What is the evaluation of social learning theory?
      It is based on research methods but has limitations in generalizability and ecological validity
    • What is the relationship between phobias and classical conditioning?

      The association of a UCS with a NS can lead to a phobia of the NS (CS)
    • How does operant conditioning relate to social phobias?
      Avoiding or escaping a feared situation is rewarding, which increases avoidance behavior
    • What are the two categories of treatments for phobias?
      Exposure treatments and modeling
    • What are the four processes involved in systematic desensitization?
      1. Functional Analysis: Identify triggers through conversation.
      2. Anxiety Hierarchy: Rank triggers from least to most anxiety-provoking.
      3. Relaxation Training: Teach relaxation techniques.
      4. Gradual Exposure: Work through the anxiety hierarchy at an agreed speed.
    • What is flooding in the context of phobia treatment?
      Placing the phobic individual with the feared object/situation for a prolonged period
    • What is the evaluation of flooding as a treatment for phobias?
      It is much faster than other therapies but can be unethical due to distress
    • How does gender identity relate to social learning theory?
      Children are more likely to imitate behaviors of someone of the same sex
    • What did Fagot's (1978) study demonstrate about gender role behavior?
      Boys were reinforced for playing with gender-appropriate toys and punished for playing with others
    • What is the critique of social learning theory regarding gender behavior?
      It cannot account for cognitive influences and cultural differences
    • What similarities exist in gender behavior across the world?
      Similarities may suggest genetic influences
    • What is the central processing and control point for all human behavior?
      Central Nervous System