4. Bioenergetics

• What are the key points regarding energy in biological systems?

  - Energy is the capacity to do work - In organisms, it's often stored in chemical bonds - ATP is a primary energy currency in cells
• What are some cellular processes that require energy?


  Active transport, protein synthesis, cell division, and maintaining cell structure
• Which cellular process involves moving substances against their concentration gradient?

  Active transport
• What processes are involved in growth and repair that require energy?

  Cell division, protein synthesis, DNA replication, and tissue regeneration
• What are the three main reasons organisms need energy?

  1. Cellular processes 2. Movement and locomotion 3. Growth and repair
• What is a normal resting heart rate for adults?

  Between 60-100 beats per minute.
• What is breathing rate also known as?

  Respiratory rate.
• What is a normal resting breathing rate for adults?

  12-20 breaths per minute.
• What happens to heart rate when you start exercising?

  It begins to rise immediately.
• How does the increase in heart rate relate to exercise intensity?

  The increase is proportional to the intensity of the exercise.
• How is maximum heart rate calculated?

  Approximately 220 minus your age.
• What happens to the depth of breathing during exercise?

  The depth of breathing also increases.
• Why do heart rate and breathing rate increase during exercise?

  To meet increased oxygen demand, remove waste products, regulate temperature, and respond to hormonal changes.
• What is the role of increased oxygen demand during exercise?

  Muscles need more oxygen during exercise.
• How does faster breathing help during exercise?

  It brings more oxygen into the lungs.
• What does increased heart rate do during exercise?

  Pumps more oxygenated blood to muscles.
• What waste products are produced during exercise?

  Carbon dioxide and lactic acid.
• How does faster breathing help with waste removal during exercise?

  It helps expel more carbon dioxide.
• What role does increased blood flow play during exercise?

  Helps remove lactic acid from muscles.
• Why is temperature regulation important during exercise?

  Exercise generates heat, and increased breathing and blood flow help dissipate it.
• What is oxygen debt?


  The body continues to consume more oxygen than at rest to pay back the "oxygen debt" accumulated during exercise.
• Which statement about recovery after exercise is correct?

  Breathing rate typically takes longer to return to normal than heart rate.
• What are the primary reasons for increased heart rate and breathing rate during exercise?

  - To supply more oxygen to muscles - To remove waste products like carbon dioxide - To help regulate body temperature - To respond to hormonal changes
• What is the recovery process after exercise?

  - Heart rate and breathing rate begin to decrease immediately after exercise. - Oxygen debt is paid back as the body consumes more oxygen. - Heart rate typically returns to normal within 10-20 minutes. - Breathing rate may take 30-60 minutes to fully normalize. - Recovery is affected by fitness level, exercise intensity, and age.