Biology

• carbohydrates

  a group of molecules containing C, H and O
• glycosidic bond

  a bond formed between 2 monosaccharides by a hydrolysis reaction
• What is the purpose of applying statistical techniques?

  To analyze data and draw conclusions
• When should you use statistical techniques?

  When analyzing data for patterns or differences
• What does the Student’s t-test compare?

  It compares the means of two data sets
• What does it indicate if t > critical value?

  Reject the null hypothesis
• What is the null hypothesis in a t-test?

  There is no significant difference between means
• What does a significant difference in t-test results imply?

  There is a meaningful difference between groups
• What is the paired t-test used for?

  Data from the same individual or organism
• What does a low standard deviation indicate?

  Narrow data range and greater precision
• What does the 5% significance level mean?

  Difference is due to chance 5% of the time
• What does Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient measure?

  Relationship between two sets of data
• What does a Spearman correlation of 0.893 suggest?

  Strong positive correlation between data sets
• How do you confirm a correlation using critical values?

  Compare r_s to critical value at p=0.05
• What percentage of data lies within one standard deviation?

  68% of data
• What do error bars represent in graphs?

  Variation of data around the mean
• What are the steps to perform an unpaired t-test?

  1. Calculate standard deviation for each data set
  2. Use the t-test formula to calculate t-value
  3. Compare t-value to critical value using degrees of freedom
  4. Accept or reject the null hypothesis based on comparison
• What are the steps to perform a paired t-test?

  1. Collect paired measurements from the same individual
  2. Calculate the mean of differences
  3. Calculate standard deviation for the differences
  4. Use the t-test formula to calculate t-value
  5. Compare t-value to critical value using degrees of freedom
  6. Accept or reject the null hypothesis based on comparison
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of using statistical techniques in biology?

  Strengths:

  • Provides objective analysis of data
  • Helps identify significant differences and correlations
  • Supports decision-making in research

  
  

  Weaknesses:

  • Misinterpretation can lead to incorrect conclusions
  • Requires accurate data collection and assumptions
  • May not account for all variables affecting results
• What is the role of a biostatistician?

  • Analyzes data from biological studies
  • Draws conclusions about diseases and health issues
  • Works in clinical trials and research settings
• What does a high standard deviation indicate?

  • Larger data range
  • Indicates lower precision
  • Greater variability in data points
• What does it mean if data is viewed as anomalous?

  • Data points significantly differ from the mean
  • May indicate errors or unique cases
  • Requires further investigation