features of science

• What are the key features of the notes mentioned in the study material?

  Concise combined notes from pair/group work
• What does the term 'empirical' refer to in the context of research?

  It refers to being verifiable through observation or experience
• Why is objectivity important in research?

  It ensures there is no bias in the interpretation of events
• What is the first step in the theory construction process?

  Observation of a problem from published research
• What is the hypothetical-deductive method?

  It is a process where a hypothesis is created that can be accepted or rejected, leading to theory development
• Who refined the hypothetical-deductive method?

  Popper
• What does replicability in research aim to achieve?

  It aims for a study to be conducted again identically with similar results
• Why must psychological inquiries be exceptionally thorough?

  To allow other researchers to replicate the study and validate the results
• What happens if a study cannot be replicated?

  The theories derived from it are unlikely to be valid or acceptable
• How does the example of a pregnancy test illustrate the importance of replication?

  Repeating the test increases the probability that the results are correct
• What does falsifiability refer to in research?

  It refers to the extent to which a hypothesis can be proven wrong
• Why is falsifiability considered crucial according to Popper?

  It is the only way to determine whether a study is true
• What example illustrates the concept of falsifiability?

  Karl Popper's belief that all swans were white until he discovered black swans
• What is the implication of searching for evidence that contradicts a hypothesis?

  It helps to confirm the hypothesis if no contradictions are found
• What are the stages of scientific hypotheses according to Thomas Kuhn?

  1. Pre-science: Multiple opinions and theories without a widely accepted one

  2. Normal science: Development of a paradigm through experiments and evidence

  3. Revolutionary science: Significant changes in unified theory due to new evidence
• What is a paradigm according to Thomas Kuhn's theory?

  A collective way of thinking about a specific topic
• Give an example of a paradigm.

  Horoscopes predicting personality traits
• What is a paradigm shift?

  A significant fundamental change of a unified theory
• How did societal views on obesity represent a paradigm shift?

  Obesity was once valued as a beauty standard but is now seen as unhealthy
• What happens when evidence against an existing paradigm accumulates?

  The paradigm is questioned and alternate theories are provided
• Why is the acceptance of a new paradigm often a slow process?

  Many scientists cling to the old paradigm and resist change