bacterical & salmonella

• What are communicable diseases also known as?

  Infectious diseases
• What causes communicable diseases?

  Pathogens that can be spread from one person to another or from animals to humans
• What types of pathogens can cause communicable diseases?

  Bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites
• How can communicable diseases spread?

  Through air, water, food, or physical contact
• Give an example of a communicable disease.

  Influenza
• Why is understanding communicable diseases important for public health?

  It is crucial for those preparing for careers in healthcare or biology
• What are bacterial diseases?

  A type of communicable disease caused by pathogenic bacteria
• How do pathogenic bacteria cause diseases?

  By invading tissues or producing toxins
• Name an example of a bacterial disease.

  Strep throat
• Why can many bacterial infections be treated with antibiotics?

  Because antibiotics target specific structures or processes in bacterial cells
• What is Salmonella?


  A genus of rod-shaped, gram-negative bacteria that causes food poisoning
• What are the two main species of Salmonella?

  Salmonella enterica and Salmonella bongori
• Who is Salmonella named after?

  Daniel Elmer Salmon
• In what environments can Salmonella survive?

  In soil and water
• What is the primary transmission route for Salmonella?

  The fecal-oral route
• What are common sources of Salmonella infection?

  Undercooked poultry, eggs, meat, unpasteurized dairy products, and contaminated fruits and vegetables
• How can Salmonella spread during food preparation?

  Through direct contact with infected animals and cross-contamination
• What is the main treatment for most cases of Salmonella infection?

  Fluid and electrolyte replacement
• What are the typical symptoms of Salmonella infection?

  Diarrhea (often bloody), abdominal cramps, fever, nausea, and vomiting
• When are antibiotics used in Salmonella infections?

  Only in severe cases or for high-risk individuals
• What is the goal of initial treatment for Salmonella infection?

  Preventing dehydration
• Why is it important to wash hands frequently when handling raw foods?

  To prevent cross-contamination and the spread of pathogens
• What are the key prevention strategies for Salmonella infections?

  1. Food safety practices: - Cook foods thoroughly - Avoid cross-contamination - Wash fruits and vegetables 2. Personal hygiene: - Wash hands frequently - Avoid unpasteurized dairy products 3. Environmental control: - Proper sanitation in food processing - Safe water treatment 4. Pet care: - Wash hands after handling pets 5. Travel precautions: - Be cautious with food and water in areas with poor sanitation
• What is the incubation period for Salmonella infection?

  Usually 6-72 hours after exposure
• What is the significance of understanding Salmonella for A-level Biology students?

  It is crucial for discussions about food safety and public health
• What is the least effective practice for preventing Salmonella contamination when preparing food?

  Storing raw chicken on the top shelf of the refrigerator above ready-to-eat foods