knowledge base on past exam

• What were push factors in 19th century Europe?

  Problems and hardships that motivated people to leave their homes
• How did poverty serve as a push factor in 19th century Europe?

  Many Europeans lived in extreme poverty, with limited access to food, shelter, and basic necessities
• What was one consequence of overpopulation in 19th century Europe?

  Overcrowding, limited resources, and higher competition for jobs
• Why did agricultural decline push people to migrate in the 19th century?

  Farmers were unable to make a living due to low crop yields, poor soil quality, and changing agricultural practices
• How did industrialization affect migration patterns in 19th century Europe?

  Many people left rural areas for cities, leading to a shortage of laborers in agriculture
• What role did natural disasters play as a push factor in 19th century Europe?

  Droughts, famines, and other natural disasters exacerbated poor living conditions and economic struggles
• What types of political issues served as push factors in 19th century Europe?

  Wars, revolutions, and political instability
• What were the main push factors that motivated migration from 19th century Europe?

  • Poverty: Extreme poverty and lack of necessities
  • Overpopulation: Rapid population growth leading to overcrowding
  • Agricultural decline: Low crop yields and poor soil quality
  • Industrialization: Movement from rural areas to cities
  • Natural disasters: Droughts and famines worsening conditions
  • Political unrest: Wars and revolutions prompting migration
• How did the push factors in 19th century Europe create a desire to migrate?

  They created a strong urge to migrate to other parts of the world for better opportunities
• What were the main "pull" factors attracting European migrants to new destinations?

  Availability of jobs, higher wages, political stability, religious freedom, and better quality of life
• What are the key pull factors that influenced European migration to countries like the United States and Australia?

  • Availability of jobs
  • Higher wages
  • Political stability
  • Religious freedom
  • Promise of a better quality of life
• How did industrialization contribute to migration in 19th century Europe?

  It led to urbanization and the creation of factory jobs.
• Why did factory jobs attract people from rural areas during the 19th century?

  Because they offered employment opportunities that were not available in rural areas.
• How did improved transportation networks affect migration in 19th century Europe?

  They made it easier for people to migrate both within Europe and to other continents.
• What were the main effects of industrialization on migration patterns in 19th century Europe?

  • Led to urbanization
  • Created factory jobs attracting rural populations
  • Improved transportation networks facilitating migration
• Why were the poorest individuals not typically the first to migrate in 19th century Europe?

  Because migration required significant resources, such as money for transportation and initial settlement costs.
• Who were more likely to migrate first in 19th century Europe?

  Individuals who were slightly better off economically, such as middle-class or skilled workers.
• What role did remittances play in 19th century European migration?

  Remittances supported families in the migrants' home countries and encouraged further migration.
• What are remittances?

  Money sent back home by migrants.
• How did remittances encourage further migration in 19th century Europe?

  Family members used the money to pay for their own journeys.
• What does "chain migration" refer to in the context of 19th century Europe?

  Chain migration refers to the process where migrants from a particular town or region follow others from the same area to a new destination.
• How did chain migration impact migrant communities in destination countries?

  It created migrant communities, making it easier for subsequent migrants to settle.
• How did migration patterns in Western Europe differ from those in Eastern Europe during the 19th century?

  Western Europe saw significant emigration to the Americas and Australia, while Eastern Europe experienced both emigration and internal migration to urban centers.
• What were the primary reasons for migration from Western Europe in the 19th century?

  Western Europeans often migrated due to economic opportunities.
• What factors drove migration in Eastern Europe during the 19th century?

  Eastern Europeans were driven by both political and religious persecution.
• What was the relationship between migration and urbanization in 19th century Europe?

  Migration fueled urbanization as people moved from rural areas to cities in search of work in factories and industries.
• How did urban migration contribute to the growth of cities in 19th century Europe?

  Urban migration contributed to the rapid growth of cities and the expansion of the industrial workforce.
• What were some reasons migrants returned to their home countries after initially migrating in the 19th century?

  Migrants returned home after accumulating savings, failing to find success abroad, or facing difficulties in adapting to new environments.
• How did economic or social conditions in the home country influence return migration?

  Return migration was common when economic or social conditions improved in the home country.
• What factors contributed to the phenomenon of return migration in the 19th century?

  • Accumulation of savings
  • Failure to find success abroad
  • Difficulties in adapting to new environments
  • Improvement of economic or social conditions in the home country
• What were the Three Estates in pre-revolutionary France?

  The Three Estates were the First Estate (clergy), the Second Estate (nobility), and the Third Estate (commoners).
• What was the composition of the First Estate?

  The First Estate was composed of the clergy, who made up about 0.5% of the population and owned about 10% of the land.
• What percentage of the population did the First Estate represent?

  About 0.5% of the population.
• What were the tax obligations of the First Estate?

  The First Estate was exempt from taxes.
• What was the composition of the Second Estate?

  The Second Estate consisted of the nobility, who made up about 1.5% of the population and owned 25% of the land.
• What percentage of the population did the Second Estate represent?

  About 1.5% of the population.
• What were the tax obligations of the Second Estate?

  The Second Estate was mostly exempt from taxes.
• What was the composition of the Third Estate?

  The Third Estate included commoners, who made up about 98% of the population and were highly diverse.
• What percentage of the population did the Third Estate represent?

  About 98% of the population.
• What was the tax obligation of the Third Estate?

  The Third Estate paid nearly all of the taxes.