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Tectonic Hazards
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Cards (46)
What is a natural hazard?
A natural hazard is a
natural process
which could cause
death
,
injury
, or
disruption
to humans, or destroy
property
and
possessions.
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What is the difference between a natural hazard and a natural disaster?
A natural
disaster
is a natural
hazard
that has
actually
happened.
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Why are extreme events that do not pose any threat to human activity not counted as hazards?
Because they do not affect
human activities
or
property.
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What are the two main types of natural hazards?
Geological
Hazards
Meteorological
Hazards
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What are geological hazards caused by?
Geological
hazards are caused by
land
and
tectonic
processes.
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Give two examples of geological hazards.
Volcanoes
and
earthquakes.
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What are meteorological hazards caused by?
Meteorological hazards are caused by
weather
and
climate.
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Name two examples of meteorological hazards.
Tropical
storms and
climate
change.
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What factors affect the hazard risk from natural hazards?
Vulnerability
Capacity to
cope
Type of
hazard
Frequency
of occurrence
Magnitude
of the hazard
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How does vulnerability affect hazard risk?
The more people that are in areas exposed to
natural hazards
, the
greater
the probability they will be
affected.
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Give an example of a vulnerable area to flooding.
Bangladesh
, due to its
high
population
density
on a
flood
plain.
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How does the capacity to cope affect hazard risk?
The
better
a population can cope with an
extreme
event, the
lower
the threat.
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Why are developed countries better able to cope with flooding?
Because they can afford to build
flood defenses
and
evacuate
people.
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Why is the hazard risk from some hazards greater than others?
Some hazards can be
predicted
and
monitored
, while others occur
suddenly.
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What is the moment magnitude scale used for?
It measures the
energy
released by an
earthquake.
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What is the focus of an
earthquake
?
The
focus
is the point in the
Earth
where the
earthquake starts.
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How do shallow-focus earthquakes differ from deep-focus earthquakes?
Shallow-focus
earthquakes occur at or
near
the surface, while
deep-focus
earthquakes occur
deeper
in the Earth.
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Why do deeper earthquakes generally cause less damage at the surface?
Shock waves
from
deeper earthquakes
have to
travel
through more
rock
, reducing their
power
at the
surface.
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What causes tsunamis?
Tsunamis are caused when huge amounts of
water
get
displaced
, often by
underwater earthquakes.
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How does the depth of an earthquake affect the size of a tsunami?
Shallow-focus
earthquakes displace more
water
,
increasing
the size of a tsunami.
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Why can tsunamis hit the shore without much warning?
Because they
travel
very
fast
in
deep water.
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What happens at destructive plate margins?
The
oceanic
plate goes under the
continental
plate, creating a pool of
magma
that can form a
volcano.
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What is a hotspot in relation to volcanoes?
A
hotspot
is where a
plume
of
hot magma
from the
mantle
moves
towards
the surface, causing
volcanic activity.
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What are the two types of volcanoes and their characteristics?
Composite Volcanoes
:
Occur at
destructive plate margins
Explosive eruptions
with
thick
,
sticky lava
Example:
Mount Fuji
Shield Volcanoes
:
Occur at
hotspots
or
constructive margins
Non-explosive eruptions
with
runny lava
Example:
Mauna Loa
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What are the primary effects of an earthquake?
Buildings
collapse, people are
injured
or
killed
, and
infrastructure
is damaged.
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What are secondary effects of an earthquake?
Secondary effects include
landslides
,
fires
,
homelessness
, and
disease spread.
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What are the immediate responses to an earthquake?
Rescue trapped people
Recover dead bodies
Put out fires
Set up temporary shelters
Provide temporary supplies
Send aid from foreign governments or charities
Use disaster response tools
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What are the long-term responses to an earthquake?
Re-house
people
Repair
or
rebuild
infrastructure
Reconnect
utilities
Improve
building
regulations
Set up initiatives for
recovery
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What are the immediate responses to tectonic hazards?
Rescue
people, recover
dead
bodies, put out
fires
, set up
temporary
shelters, provide supplies, send
aid
, and set up
disaster
response tools.
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Why is it important to recover dead bodies after a tectonic hazard?
To prevent the spread of
disease.
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What is one of the long-term responses to tectonic hazards?
Re-house
people who
lost
their
homes.
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What role do foreign governments or charities play in the aftermath of tectonic hazards?
They may send
aid workers
,
supplies
,
equipment
, or
financial donations
to affected areas.
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How do immediate responses differ from long-term responses in the context of tectonic hazards?
Immediate
responses address
urgent
needs, while
long-term
responses focus on
recovery
and
rebuilding.
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What are primary effects of volcanic eruptions?
Buildings and
roads
are
destroyed
, people and animals are
injured
or
killed
,
crops
are
damaged
, and
suffocation
occurs from
volcanic gases.
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What are secondary effects of volcanic eruptions?
They include
mudflows
,
flooding
, blocked
transport
networks,
homelessness
, disrupted
tourism
, increased
soil fertility
, and long
recovery
times.
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What is one immediate response to a volcanic eruption?
Evacuate
people
before
or as
soon
as possible after the
eruption starts.
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Why do people choose to live near tectonic
hazards
?
Reasons include historical ties,
employment
opportunities,
confidence
in government support, and fertile soil from volcanic
ash.
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What are the management strategies to reduce the effects of tectonic hazards?
Monitoring
: Use of seismometers and lasers.
Prediction
: Forecasting areas at risk.
Protection
: Designing buildings to withstand earthquakes.
Planning
: Training emergency services and educating the public.
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What is the role of seismometers in managing tectonic hazards?
They monitor
earth
movements and can provide early
warnings
before earthquakes.
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How can buildings be designed to withstand
earthquakes
?
By using
materials
like reinforced
concrete
and
special
foundations that absorb
energy.
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