Tectonic Hazards

    Cards (46)

    • What is a natural hazard?
      A natural hazard is a natural process which could cause death, injury, or disruption to humans, or destroy property and possessions.
    • What is the difference between a natural hazard and a natural disaster?
      A natural disaster is a natural hazard that has actually happened.
    • Why are extreme events that do not pose any threat to human activity not counted as hazards?
      Because they do not affect human activities or property.
    • What are the two main types of natural hazards?
      • Geological Hazards
      • Meteorological Hazards
    • What are geological hazards caused by?
      Geological hazards are caused by land and tectonic processes.
    • Give two examples of geological hazards.
      Volcanoes and earthquakes.
    • What are meteorological hazards caused by?
      Meteorological hazards are caused by weather and climate.
    • Name two examples of meteorological hazards.
      Tropical storms and climate change.
    • What factors affect the hazard risk from natural hazards?
      • Vulnerability
      • Capacity to cope
      • Type of hazard
      • Frequency of occurrence
      • Magnitude of the hazard
    • How does vulnerability affect hazard risk?
      The more people that are in areas exposed to natural hazards, the greater the probability they will be affected.
    • Give an example of a vulnerable area to flooding.
      Bangladesh, due to its high population density on a flood plain.
    • How does the capacity to cope affect hazard risk?
      The better a population can cope with an extreme event, the lower the threat.
    • Why are developed countries better able to cope with flooding?
      Because they can afford to build flood defenses and evacuate people.
    • Why is the hazard risk from some hazards greater than others?
      Some hazards can be predicted and monitored, while others occur suddenly.
    • What is the moment magnitude scale used for?
      It measures the energy released by an earthquake.
    • What is the focus of an earthquake?

      The focus is the point in the Earth where the earthquake starts.
    • How do shallow-focus earthquakes differ from deep-focus earthquakes?
      Shallow-focus earthquakes occur at or near the surface, while deep-focus earthquakes occur deeper in the Earth.
    • Why do deeper earthquakes generally cause less damage at the surface?
      Shock waves from deeper earthquakes have to travel through more rock, reducing their power at the surface.
    • What causes tsunamis?
      Tsunamis are caused when huge amounts of water get displaced, often by underwater earthquakes.
    • How does the depth of an earthquake affect the size of a tsunami?
      Shallow-focus earthquakes displace more water, increasing the size of a tsunami.
    • Why can tsunamis hit the shore without much warning?
      Because they travel very fast in deep water.
    • What happens at destructive plate margins?
      The oceanic plate goes under the continental plate, creating a pool of magma that can form a volcano.
    • What is a hotspot in relation to volcanoes?
      A hotspot is where a plume of hot magma from the mantle moves towards the surface, causing volcanic activity.
    • What are the two types of volcanoes and their characteristics?
      • Composite Volcanoes:
      • Occur at destructive plate margins
      • Explosive eruptions with thick, sticky lava
      • Example: Mount Fuji

      • Shield Volcanoes:
      • Occur at hotspots or constructive margins
      • Non-explosive eruptions with runny lava
      • Example: Mauna Loa
    • What are the primary effects of an earthquake?
      Buildings collapse, people are injured or killed, and infrastructure is damaged.
    • What are secondary effects of an earthquake?
      Secondary effects include landslides, fires, homelessness, and disease spread.
    • What are the immediate responses to an earthquake?
      • Rescue trapped people
      • Recover dead bodies
      • Put out fires
      • Set up temporary shelters
      • Provide temporary supplies
      • Send aid from foreign governments or charities
      • Use disaster response tools
    • What are the long-term responses to an earthquake?
      • Re-house people
      • Repair or rebuild infrastructure
      • Reconnect utilities
      • Improve building regulations
      • Set up initiatives for recovery
    • What are the immediate responses to tectonic hazards?
      Rescue people, recover dead bodies, put out fires, set up temporary shelters, provide supplies, send aid, and set up disaster response tools.
    • Why is it important to recover dead bodies after a tectonic hazard?
      To prevent the spread of disease.
    • What is one of the long-term responses to tectonic hazards?
      Re-house people who lost their homes.
    • What role do foreign governments or charities play in the aftermath of tectonic hazards?
      They may send aid workers, supplies, equipment, or financial donations to affected areas.
    • How do immediate responses differ from long-term responses in the context of tectonic hazards?
      Immediate responses address urgent needs, while long-term responses focus on recovery and rebuilding.
    • What are primary effects of volcanic eruptions?
      Buildings and roads are destroyed, people and animals are injured or killed, crops are damaged, and suffocation occurs from volcanic gases.
    • What are secondary effects of volcanic eruptions?
      They include mudflows, flooding, blocked transport networks, homelessness, disrupted tourism, increased soil fertility, and long recovery times.
    • What is one immediate response to a volcanic eruption?
      Evacuate people before or as soon as possible after the eruption starts.
    • Why do people choose to live near tectonic hazards?

      Reasons include historical ties, employment opportunities, confidence in government support, and fertile soil from volcanic ash.
    • What are the management strategies to reduce the effects of tectonic hazards?
      • Monitoring: Use of seismometers and lasers.
      • Prediction: Forecasting areas at risk.
      • Protection: Designing buildings to withstand earthquakes.
      • Planning: Training emergency services and educating the public.
    • What is the role of seismometers in managing tectonic hazards?
      They monitor earth movements and can provide early warnings before earthquakes.
    • How can buildings be designed to withstand earthquakes?

      By using materials like reinforced concrete and special foundations that absorb energy.
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