Acids and alkalis only

• Litmus paper is red in acidic solutions, purple in neutral solutions, and blue in alkaline solutions
• Phenolphthalein will change from colourless in acidic solutions to bright pink in alkaline solutions
• Methyl orange will change from red in acidic solutions to yellow in alkaline solutions
• acids

  • source of hydrogen ions.
  • proton donors
• Base

  • a substance that can neutralise an acid
  • proton acceptors
  • alkalis are soluble bases
  • an alkali is a source of hydroxide ions
• The reaction between an acid and a base or an acid and an alkali is called neutralisation
• neutralisation can also be seen in terms of proton transfer, the acid donated protons which are then accepted by the base
• When an acid neutralises a base the products are neutral, have a ph of 7
• Acid + base ➡️ salt + water
• Acid + metal oxide ➡️ salt + water
• Acid + metal hydroxide ➡️ salt + water
• Acid + ammonia ➡️ ammonium salt
• acid + metal carbonate ➡️ salt + water + carbon dioxide