Paediatrics

• Who is the speaker introducing the session on pediatric topics?


  Freya
• What topics will be covered in today's session?

  Pediatric history taking, developmental milestones, neonatal jaundice, respiratory diseases, viral rashes, fever, and BLS
• When is the next session scheduled?

  Next Tuesday
• Why is feedback important at the end of each tutor's session?

  It helps tailor the sessions better to the students' needs
• What is the first topic Meritt will cover?

  Pediatric history taking
• Why is it important to confirm who is in the room during pediatric history taking?

  To understand the relationship to the patient and gather accurate history
• What is a key consideration when taking history from children?

  Children often cannot communicate their symptoms effectively
• What signs should be looked for in children to rule out infections?

  Drowsiness, apathy, rashes, growth in weight, and fever
• What should be asked about a child's breathing during history taking?

  To describe their breathing clearly to determine if it is stridor, croup, or cough
• Why is hydration status important in children?

  To assess how much they have been drinking and their overall health
• What is the significance of the color of a baby's urine?

  A darker color may indicate dehydration
• What should be asked regarding a child's feeding habits?

  How much milk they have been drinking and if they are eating solids
• What does the acronym BFGD stand for in pediatric history taking?

  Birth, Feeding, Growth, Development
• Why is it important to ask about the birth history in children?

  To identify any problems during pregnancy, birth, or neonatal period
• What might pale stool color indicate in a child?

  A potential problem with the liver
• What is the purpose of the red book in pediatric care?

  It tracks a child's height and weight for growth monitoring
• What should be assessed regarding a child's developmental concerns?

  Walking, talking, holding objects, and social interactions
• What are some key gross motor milestones for children?

  Sitting without support at 6 months, standing at 9 months, walking at 12 months, and running at 18 months
• What is a red flag for developmental delay in children?

  Not being able to walk by 18 months
• What are common causes of developmental delay?

  Autism and cerebral palsy
• How should age be corrected when assessing developmental milestones?

  Correct for prematurity up to two years of age
• What does ADHD stand for?

  Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
• What are the main criteria for diagnosing ADHD?

  Inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity
• What is the first line of management for ADHD?

  Non-pharmacological management including family therapy and teacher training
• What are some potential side effects of methylphenidate?

  Growth stunting and myocarditis
• What is a key feature of autism spectrum disorder?

  Impaired social interaction and communication
• What is the treatment approach for autism?


  Management with a multidisciplinary team focusing on behavioral and educational interventions
• What is the difference between Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Conduct Disorder?


  ODD is characterized by defiance and anger in younger children, while Conduct Disorder involves aggression and criminal behavior in older children
• What is the significance of jaundice in newborns?

  Jaundice is common in babies and requires investigation if it occurs before 24 hours or persists beyond 14 days
• What is the typical cause of physiological jaundice in breastfeeding babies?

  Shorter lifespan of red blood cells leading to unconjugated bilirubin buildup
• What are some risk factors for pathological jaundice?

  Prematurity, low birth weight, maternal-fetal blood group incompatibility, and birth trauma
• What are the causes of pathological jaundice before 48 hours?

  Hemolysis due to blood group incompatibility or hemoglobinopathies
• What tests are important for prolonged jaundice?

  Direct antiglobulin test, TFTs, blood film, full blood count, urine MCS, and LFTs
• Why is it important to treat jaundice?

  Bilirubin can be neurotoxic and cause permanent damage
• What are some clinical features of bilirubin encephalopathy?

  Lethargy, poor feeding, hypertonicity, shrill cry, and abnormal movements
• What are the key components of pediatric history taking?

  • Confirm who is in the room and their relationship to the patient
  • Address both the patient and the parent
  • Gather history primarily from the parent unless the patient is older
  • Conduct a systems review to rule out infections
  • Assess hydration status and feeding habits
  • Inquire about developmental milestones and concerns
  • Review past medical, drug, allergy, family, and social history
• What are the developmental milestones and red flags for children?

  • Key milestones:
  • Sitting without support at 6 months
  • Standing at 9 months
  • Walking at 12 months
  • Running at 18 months
  • Red flags:
  • Cannot smile at 10 weeks
  • Cannot sit without support at 12 months
  • Cannot walk by 18 months
  • Hand preference before 12 months
• What are the differences between autism spectrum disorder and ADHD?

  • ADHD:
  • Inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity
  • Symptoms must occur in more than one setting for at least 6 weeks
  • Non-pharmacological management first
  • Autism:
  • Impaired social interaction, communication, and imagination
  • Repetitive behaviors and restrictive interests
  • Managed with a multidisciplinary team
• What are the causes and management of jaundice in newborns?

  • Physiological jaundice:
  • Common in breastfeeding babies
  • Caused by shorter lifespan of red blood cells
  • Pathological jaundice:
  • Investigate if before 24 hours or persists beyond 14 days
  • Risk factors: prematurity, low birth weight, blood group incompatibility
  • Management:
  • Important to treat due to neurotoxic effects of bilirubin
• What are the key tests for prolonged jaundice in newborns?

  • Direct antiglobulin test for blood group incompatibility
  • TFTs for hypothyroidism
  • Blood film and full blood count for hemoglobinopathies
  • Urine MCS for infection
  • LFTs for liver function