Memory

• Types of long term memory

  Procedural - memory of how to do things

  Semantic - memory of general facts

  Episodic - memory of personal events
• What is the name of the first stage of the information processing model?

  Sensory register
• What is the name of the second stage of the multi-store model?

  Iconic attention
• What is the name of the third stage of the multi-store model?

  Echoic
• What is the name of the fourth stage of the multi-store model?

  Short-term memory (STM)
• What is the name of the fifth stage of the multi-store model?

  Rehearsal
• What is the name of the sixth stage of the multi-store model?

  Long-term memory (LTM)
• What is the name of the type of rehearsal that maintains information in short-term memory?

  Maintenance rehearsal
• What is the name of the type of rehearsal that transfers information from short-term memory to long-term memory?

  Elaborative rehearsal
• What is the name of the process of retrieving information from long-term memory?

  Retrieval
• What is the name of the process of recalling information from long-term memory?

  Recall
• What are the stages of the information processing model?

  1. Sensory register
  2. Short-term memory (STM)
  3. Rehearsal (maintenance and elaborative)
  4. Long-term memory (LTM)
• What are the differences between maintenance rehearsal and elaborative rehearsal?

  Maintenance rehearsal:

  • Keeps information in short-term memory
  • Involves simple repetition

  
  

  Elaborative rehearsal:

  • Transfers information from short-term to long-term memory
  • Involves connecting new information to existing knowledge
• What is the multi-store model of memory?

  A theory explaining memory storage processes
• What are the key components of the multi-store model of memory?

  • Sensory register
  • Short-term memory (STM)
  • Long-term memory (LTM)
• What is the first stage of the multi-store model of memory?

  Sensory memory
• What is the role of sensory stimuli in the multi-store model?

  They are initially processed in sensory memory
• What is the second stage of the multi-store model of memory?

  Short-term memory (STM)
• How does information move from sensory memory to short-term memory?

  Through attention to relevant stimuli
• What is the third stage of the multi-store model of memory?

  Long-term memory (LTM)
• What is required for information to be transferred to long-term memory?

  Rehearsal and meaningful encoding
• How does the multi-store model explain the process of recalling information?

  Information is retrieved from long-term memory to short-term memory
• What does the term "recall" refer to in the multi-store model?

  Remembering information from long-term memory
• What are the characteristics of short-term memory (STM)?

  • Limited capacity (about 7 items)
  • Short duration (around 20-30 seconds)
  • Requires active rehearsal to maintain information
• What are the characteristics of long-term memory (LTM)?

  • Unlimited capacity
  • Information can last for years
  • Involves organized storage of information
• STM: coding, capacity and duration

  STM is coded acoustically

  Duration is usually 18 secs (unless rehearsed)

  Capacity is 7 +/- 2 items
• LTM: coding, capacity and duration

  LTM is coded mostly semantically

  Duration may be up to a lifetime

  Capacity may be unlimited
• HM study (research support) AO3

  HM's hippocampus was removed (which is crucial for memory). He couldn't form new memories. However, his STM was still intact. This shows STM and LTM are separate
• KF's case study (AO3)

  His recall for digits when read out loud to him was very bad. However, when he read it to himself he would remember well
• Types of long term memory

  Episodic memory - personal events

  Semantic memory - facts and knowledge

  Procedural memory - motor skills
• Clive Wearing case (AO3)

  He suffered from severe amnesia, he didn't forget everything. He still remembered how to play amazing piano pieces. This shows that procedural memory is separate to semantic and episodic
• Tulving et al (1994)


  PET scans showed that both episodic and semantic memory were processed in the pre-frontal cortex. Left pre-frontal regions were more active during semantic retrieval. Right regions were more active during episodic retrieval
• Declarative memory

  Cohen and Squire suggested that declarative memory meant that these actions must be experienced to be learnt rather than explained
• What is the visual-spatial sketchpad responsible for?

  Processing visual and spatial information
• What does the phonological loop do?

  Processes auditory information
• What is the purpose of the articulatory process?

  To rehearse and maintain verbal information
• What are the components of the working memory model?

  • Central executive
  • Visual-spatial sketchpad
  • Phonological loop
  • Episodic buffer
• How do the phonological loop and visual-spatial sketchpad differ in function?

  Phonological loop processes auditory, sketchpad processes visual
• If you were trying to remember a phone number, which component of working memory would you primarily use?

  Phonological loop
• What is the role of the central executive in the working memory model?

  To manage and coordinate cognitive tasks