changing places

• Space

  an area with no meaning
• Factors forming place attachment

  family/friends

  religion

  gender

  age

  experiences

  morals

  ethnicity

  education

  interests
• Place attachment

  the emotional bond between a person and place
• Near place

  places that feel like home, where people would live in a similar way to which we live. We feel secure and this has a prop for our identity. Form our national identity as a country.
• Far place

  Places we see as foreign, alien and different. Division between 'them' and 'us',

  UK and France = neighbours but different
• Media place

  Places we have formed a perception of based on what we see in the media
• Topophilia

  love of a place
• Topophobia

  hate/fear of a place
• Experienced place

  Places we have been to and developed our own sense of place,
• Endogenous factors

  internal factors that help shape the character of a place, physical as well as human features
• Examples of endogenous factors

  Land use, demographic, nature/landscape
• Factors influencing place

  -location

  -built environment

  -physical geography

  -topography

  -land use

  -economic characteristics

  -infrastructure

  -demographic characteristics
• Exogenous factors

  external factors that shape the character of a place, generally the relations that a place has with other places that affects its characteristics
• Examples of exogenous factors

  movement of:

  people, resources, money, investment, ideas
• Groups which suffer exclusion

  Ethnic minorities

  LGBT communities

  Homeless

  Gypsies/travellers

  Disabled

  Age

  Immigrants
• Why ethnic minorities suffer exclusion

  feel uncomfortable as they are minority in area, e.g. Marlborough 93% white
• Why disabled people suffer exclusion

  may not be able to access certain areas e.g. stairs
• Why young or elderly suffer exclusion

  stereotypes, can't use certain things 18+ 65+, may be frail so can't access certain things
• Why immigrants suffer exclusion

  media portrays them negatively, so viewed negatively by population, in a white British area.
• Formal representation

  facts, objective, quantitative, statistical data e.g. Census or Geospatial data (GIS),

  90% of data in last decade is geographically located
• Informal representation

  not accurate representation, creative, related with certain groups in society

  e.g. Beijing Olympics - one child policy hidden
• Examples of informal representation

  art, media, tv, film, photos, music, murals, graffiti
• Examples of formal representation

  Census data, OS maps
• Place identity

  how people experience a place and the meaning they give to it.

  Identity can be evident at a local, regional and national scale, people can hold multiple and conflicting views of a place
• Totness

  one of lowest percentages of branded stores = strong sense of community in town, all local produce and businesses, local economy.

  fought to stop Costa.
• Government policies

  -Big impact on demographic characteristics of a place (one child policy)

  -Cultural characteristics (Germany)

  -Social and economic characteristics (Hulme)
• Government policy Germany


  1960s German government invited Turkish people to live and work in Germany, now has many aspects of Turkish culture
• Government policy Hulme


  1992 regeneration of Hulme local council and partners aimed to increase population as well as employment rates and quality of life
• Multinational corporations

  impact demographic, social and economic characteristics

  Detroit, USA
• Detroit

  Once global centre of car manufacturing, factories gave city economic boost.

  -large number of migrants for jobs

  -Recession = industries moved to cheaper countries = massive population decline (over half)

  1.8m (1950s) to 700,000 (2010) 633k (2023)

  -Employment reduced 2010 = 24.8% workforce unemployed

  -some of US highest crime rates
• World Food Programme

  provides emergency food, prevent death from famine (social), provided aid to millions of people in Yemen since 2015