Cognitive Approach

• What is the behaviourist approach primarily focused on?

  Learning through association
• Whose key study involves dogs?

  Pavlov’s Dogs
• Whose key study involves rats?

  Skinner’s Rats
• What form of learning is shaped and maintained by consequences?

  Operant conditioning
• What is it called when a reward is given to make a behaviour more likely?

  Positive reinforcement
• What does a student handing in an essay to avoid being told off exemplify?

  Negative reinforcement
• What does a rat pressing a lever to avoid being shocked exemplify?

  Negative reinforcement
• What does Mia being shouted at for talking in a lesson exemplify?

  Punishment
• What does Timothy receiving praise for answering a question correctly exemplify?

  Positive reinforcement
• What are the key terms from a key research study into classical conditioning?

  • NS = Bell
  • UCS = Food
  • UCR = Salivation
  • CS = Bell
  • CR = Salivation
• What is the focus of the cognitive approach?

  How people perceive, store, manipulate, and interpret incoming information
• What do cognitive psychologists study to understand behaviour?

  Internal mental processes
• How do cognitive psychologists study mental processes?

  By making inferences based on observed behaviour
• What is the information processing model based on?

  How computers function
• What are the stages in the information processing model?


  Input, Storage, and Retrieval
• What do computer models help to understand?

  Mental processes
• What does the connectionist model view the mind as?

  A complex network of neurons
• What is a schema?

  A "package" of information and ideas developed through experience
• How do schemas help in processing information?

  They allow us to take shortcuts in interpreting information
• What is cognitive neuroscience?

  The scientific study of the influence of brain structure on mental processes
• What has advanced brain imaging technology allowed scientists to do?

  Observe and describe the neurological basis of mental processes
• What did Broca's research in 1860 find about speech production?

  Speech is located in the frontal lobe of the brain
• What did Tulving et al. (1994) link episodic and semantic memories to?

  The prefrontal cortex in the brain
• What has cognitive neuroscience established about some disorders?

  The neurological basis of disorders like OCD
• What is brain fingerprinting?

  A mind mapping technique designed to read the brain
• What could future applications of cognitive neuroscience involve?

  Analyzing brain wave patterns of eyewitnesses to determine if they are lying
• What are the imaging techniques used in cognitive neuroscience?

  • Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
  • Positron Emission Tomography (PET)