Chem basic

• What are the main components of an atom's structure?

  Protons, neutrons, and electrons
• What determines the different elements in the periodic table?

  The quantity of protons in the atom's core
• What do electron shells contain?

  Electrons
• What is the significance of valence electrons in chemistry?

  They determine the chemical behavior of an atom
• How are elements in the same column of the periodic table related?

  They have the same number of valence electrons
• What is the group number for main groups in the periodic table related to?

  It corresponds to the number of valence electrons
• Why is helium grouped with noble gases despite having only 2 electrons?

  Because it acts as a noble gas
• What is the behavior of elements with the same number of valence electrons in chemical reactions?

  They usually show similar behaviors
• What is the charge of a cation?

  Positive charge
• What happens when two or more atoms bond together?

  They form a molecule
• What is a molecular formula?


  A way to show the number of each element in a molecule
• What does a Lewis dot structure represent?

  Valence electrons as dots and lines
• What is the state of lowest potential energy for atoms?

  When they have a full outer shell of electrons
• How can two atoms achieve a full outer shell?

  By sharing electrons
• What is a covalent bond?


  A bond formed by sharing electrons between atoms
• What is an ionic bond?

  A bond formed by transferring electrons between atoms
• What is a polar covalent bond?

  A bond with unequal sharing of electrons
• What is a non-polar covalent bond?

  A bond with equal sharing of electrons
• What are intermolecular forces?

  Forces between molecules
• What is a hydrogen bond?

  A type of intermolecular force between molecules with higher electronegativity
• What is the state of matter characterized by tightly packed particles?

  Solid
• What is the entropy of a solid?

  Low entropy
• What is the state of matter characterized by freely moving particles?

  Gas
• What is the entropy of a gas?

  High entropy
• What is temperature a measure of?

  The average kinetic energy of particles in a system
• What is entropy?


  The amount of disorder or randomness in a system
• How do strong bonds like ionic bonds affect melting points?

  They have higher melting points because they require more energy to break apart
• What is the difference between a homogeneous mixture and a heterogeneous mixture?

  A homogeneous mixture mixes easily, while a heterogeneous mixture does not
• What is a colloidal mixture?

  A mixture of two or more substances that are not chemically mixed but can be separated
• What are the four types of chemical reactions?

  Synthesis, decomposition, single replacement, and double replacement
• What does the law of conservation of mass state?

  Mass cannot be created or destroyed, only converted
• What is stoichiometry?


  The study of quantitative relationships of reactants and products in a chemical reaction
• What is a mole?


  A unit of measurement for a specific amount of particles (6.022 x 10²³ particles)
• How do you balance a chemical equation?

  By ensuring the number of atoms for each element is the same on both sides
• What is a physical change?


  A change in appearance where the substance remains the same
• What is a chemical change?

  A change in substance that can include bubbles, funky smells, and explosions
• What is activation energy?

  The minimum amount of energy needed for a chemical reaction to occur
• What is a catalyst?


  A substance that reduces activation energy, allowing a reaction to occur faster
• What is enthalpy?


  The internal energy or heat content of a system
• What is Gibbs Free energy?


  A measurement of the energy available to do work in a system