Effects of exercise

• What are the short-term effects of exercise on the muscular system?

  Increased muscle temperature
• How does exercise affect heart rate and stroke volume?

  Exercise increases heart rate and stroke volume
• What happens to blood flow during exercise?

  Blood flow is redistributed to the muscles
• What is the effect of exercise on respiratory frequency?

  Increased breathing frequency
• What is the significance of increased oxygen delivery to muscles during exercise?

  It increases energy production and waste removal
• What are the short-term effects of exercise on the body systems?

  • Increased muscle temperature
  • Increased production of lactic acid
  • Increased heart rate and stroke volume
  • Redistribution of blood flow to the muscles
  • Increased breathing frequency and tidal volume
  • Increased volume of oxygen to muscles
• What is the example of a warm-up for a javelin thrower?

  A javelin thrower performs a warm-up to raise muscle temperature in the shoulder
• What happens to a sprinter's performance when performing repeated sprints with little recovery?

  They will feel muscular fatigue and a decrease in performance over time
• What is the resting heart rate of a marathon runner?

  A resting heart rate around 60 bpm
• What is the maximum heart rate during maximal exercise for a marathon runner?

  HR can increase to around 200 bpm
• What is the vascular shunt during exercise?

  It is the redistribution of blood flow to the muscles
• What percentage does blood flow increase to the muscles during exercise?

  180 percent
• What is the effect of increased oxygen availability for an open water swimmer?

  They can race at a higher intensity for a longer duration
• What are the long-term effects of exercise on the skeletal and muscular systems?

  • Increased mineral density and calcium absorption
  • Increased fast twitch muscle fibre size and strength
  • Increased slow twitch muscle fibre size and endurance
• What is the effect of weight-bearing exercise like jogging on bone density?

  It increases bone density and strength
• How does weight training affect muscle size?

  It increases muscle size
• What is the significance of slow twitch muscle fibres for a marathon runner?

  They may be 22 percent larger than average to prevent muscular fatigue
• What is osteoporosis?


  A condition where bones become brittle, fragile, and easy to break
• What are the long-term effects of exercise on the cardiovascular system?

  • Hypertrophy of the heart
  • Decreased resting heart rate
  • Increased resting stroke volume
  • Increased cardiac output
  • Increased speed of recovery
  • Capillarisation
• What is the effect of hypertrophy of the heart?

  The heart muscle gets bigger and stronger, increasing stroke volume
• How does increased stroke volume affect heart rate?

  It allows heart rate to decrease at rest
• What is capillarisation?


  The formation and development of a network of capillaries
• What is the resting heart rate of a trained athlete?

  It can be as low as 34 bpm
• How does increased aerobic capacity benefit a performer?

  It increases the ability to perform at higher intensity and duration without fatigue
• What is the effect of increased strength of respiratory muscles?

  It leads to increased volume of chest cavity and lung volumes
• What happens to tidal volume and minute ventilation during exercise?

  Both increase during exercise
• What are the long-term effects of exercise on the respiratory system?

  • Increased aerobic capacity
  • Increased strength of respiratory muscles
  • Increased tidal volume and minute ventilation during exercise
• What is bradycardia?


  A resting heart rate of below 60 bpm
• True or false? Increasing bone density has the potential to offset or delay the disease osteoporosis?


  True
• True or false? Aerobic capacity is decreased with long-term endurance training?

  False
• Describe a long-term effect of exercise on the muscles?

  Increased muscle strength and endurance
• How does hypertrophy of the heart help a sports performer?

  It allows for more blood to be ejected per beat, reducing heart rate
• Name two long-term effects of exercise on the respiratory system?

  Increased aerobic capacity and increased strength of respiratory muscles