urban enviroments

• urbanisation 


  proportion of people living in cities increases
• megacity


  a city with a population over 10 million
• how many megacities are there currently?


  20+
• what was the global population size in 1800?


  1 bilion
• what is the global population size now?


  7 billion
• what is the predicted population size in 2045?


  9 billion
• what causes urban growth


  natural population growth, industrialisation, rural to urban migration
• what is natural population growth


  birth rate is higher than the death rate
• what is industrialisation


  building of factories and manufacturing jobs
• rural to urban migration


  people moving from countrysides to cities
• suburbanisation


  people (most likely affluent) move to the edges of the cities to reduce crowding causing the city to spread out to surrounding environments
• counter urbanisation


  people move further from urban areas to more rural areas for benefits
• urban resurgence 


  the city makes improvements (regeneration), encouraging people to move back into the cities
• characteristics of urban areas


  crowded, poor air quality, congestion, expensive, brownfield sites
• characteristics of suburban areas 


  bigger housing, more greenfield sites, better air quality, cheap
• why do people move to the suburbs?


  transport makes it easy to get into the city, working from home, overcrowding in cities, lower house prices
• effects of suburbanisation


  inner areas declining, segregation, increased congestion due to commuting, 7000 hectares of forest destroyed
• what is counter urbanisation


  People choose to move out of the urban areas and decided to move back to rural areas due to many push and pull factors
• urban resurgence


  regeneration of an urban area that has suffered a period of decline.
• three things that cause urban resurgence

  gentrification, property-led regeneration schemes and sustainable communities
• what is gentrification


  low income groups are replaced by affluent people. Individuals alter the area by rehabilitating old houses and streets
• what were the first two megacities


  new york and tokyo
• do newer of older megacities grow faster


  newer
• world cities


  recognised worldwide and are seen as prestige, with status, power and influence
• attributes of world cities


  large population, ethnically diverse, good access by air, rich heritage, universities
• urban decline


  deterioration of the inner city often caused by lack of investment
• urban deprivation


  a decline in standard of living which may lead to a lack of resources