Anaphy 2

• What is the cytoplasm?

  The cytoplasm is the cellular material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane.
• What is the primary function of the cytoplasm?

  The cytoplasm is the site where most cellular activities occur.
• What are the main components of the cytoplasm?

  • Organelles
  • Inclusions
  • Cytoskeleton
• What are the characteristics of the plasma membrane?

  The plasma membrane has hydrophilic phosphate heads on the outer and inner surfaces and hydrophobic tails apposed to each other.
• What are the functions of the plasma membrane?

  1. Gives shape to the cell
  2. Separates the cell from its environment
  3. Serves as recognition sites acting as antigenic determinants
  4. Serves as a barrier
• What is diffusion in the context of membrane transport?

  Diffusion is the process where molecules tend to scatter themselves throughout the available space.
• What is simple diffusion?

  Simple diffusion is the net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
• What is the Golgi apparatus also known as?

  The Golgi apparatus is also known as dictyosomes.
• What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus?

  The primary function of the Golgi apparatus is to accumulate and concentrate the products of cells.
• What are mitochondria often referred to as?

  Mitochondria are often referred to as the powerhouses of the cell.
• What is the primary function of mitochondria?

  The primary function of mitochondria is to synthesize Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP).
• What are peroxisomes?


  Peroxisomes are membranous sacs containing powerful oxidase enzymes that detoxify harmful substances.
• What is the most important function of peroxisomes?

  The most important function of peroxisomes is to disarm dangerous free radicals.
• What are the two types of membrane transport processes?

  1. Passive transport processes
  2. Active transport processes
• What is the difference between passive and active transport processes?

  Passive transport processes do not use energy, while active transport processes use energy (ATP) to transport substances.
• What are ribosomes made of?

  Ribosomes are made of CHON and a variety of RNA called ribosomal RNA.
• What is the primary function of ribosomes?

  The primary function of ribosomes is to serve as the actual site of protein synthesis.
• What are inclusions in the cytoplasm?

  • Inclusions are not functioning units.
  • They are chemical substances that may or may not be present.
  • Examples include glycogen, lipids, and pigments.
• What characterizes rough or granular endoplasmic reticulum?

  Rough or granular endoplasmic reticulum contains bound ribosomes and is concerned with protein synthesis.
• What is filtration in the context of membrane transport?

  Filtration is the movement of water and solute from an area of higher hydrostatic pressure to an area of lower hydrostatic pressure.
• What is facilitated diffusion?


  Facilitated diffusion is similar to simple diffusion, but the diffusing substance is attached to a lipid-soluble carrier protein.
• What is phagocytosis?


  Phagocytosis is a type of active transport where the cell engulfs insoluble substances and encloses them in a vesicle called a phagosome.
• What are the components of the cytoskeleton?

  • Microtubules: determine the overall shape of the cell and distribution of organelles.
  • Centrioles: rod-shaped bodies that lie at right angles to each other.
  • Basal Bodies: anchoring points for cilia and flagella.
  • Cilia: whiplike cellular extensions that move substances along the cell surface.
  • Flagella: long centrioles that aid in cell movement.
• What role do lysosomes play in the cell?

  Lysosomes contain powerful digestive enzymes and play an important role in cellular defense against foreign substances.
• What is the smallest unit of living structure capable of independent existence?

  The cell is the smallest unit of living structure capable of independent existence.
• What are the three main parts of a cell?

  1. Nucleus
  2. Cytoplasm
  3. Plasma membrane
• What are microfilaments in the cytoskeleton?

  Microfilaments are the thinnest components of the cytoskeleton.
• What are intermediate filaments in the cytoskeleton?

  Intermediate filaments help form desmosomes.
• What are desmosomes?


  Desmosomes are structures that help form connections between cells.
• What are cilia?


  Cilia are whiplike cellular extensions that move substances along the cell surface.
• What are flagella?


  Flagella are long centrioles that aid in cell movement.
• What are free radicals?

  Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that can cause damage to cells.
• What is the role of clathrin protein?

  Clathrin protein is involved in the formation of vesicles during endocytosis.