Chem-chapter eleven

• What are the types of reaction mechanisms mentioned in the study material?

  Hetero- and homo- reaction mechanisms
• What is a structural isomer?


  A structural isomer is a compound with the same molecular formula but a different structural formula.
• What is the general formula for alkenes?

  C$n$H$2n$
• What is the general formula for alkynes?

  C$n$H$2n-2$
• What distinguishes alkanes from alkenes and alkynes?


  Alkanes contain only single bonds, while alkenes contain double bonds and alkynes contain triple bonds.
• What is the characteristic functional group of alcohols?

  • OH (hydroxyl group)
• What is the significance of homologous series in organic chemistry?

  A homologous series is a group of compounds with similar chemical properties and a general formula.
• How do structural isomers differ from stereoisomers?

  Structural isomers differ in the connectivity of atoms, while stereoisomers have the same connectivity but differ in spatial arrangement.
• What is the functional group of carboxylic acids?

  • COOH (carboxyl group)
• What is the role of the carbon atom in organic compounds?

  Carbon atoms can form stable bonds with other carbon atoms and various elements, allowing for diverse structures.
• What are the classifications of hydrocarbons?

  • Aliphatic hydrocarbons: straight or branched chains
  • Aromatic hydrocarbons: ring structures
• What is the general formula for a compound with the molecular formula C$n$H$2n+$$2$?


  It represents alkanes.
• What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons?

  Saturated hydrocarbons contain only single bonds, while unsaturated hydrocarbons contain double or triple bonds.
• What is the functional group of amines?

  • NH$2$ (amine group)
• What is the significance of the molecular formula in organic compounds?

  The molecular formula indicates the number and type of atoms present in a compound.
• How do the properties of compounds in a homologous series change as the molecular weight increases?

  The physical properties, such as boiling point and melting point, generally increase with molecular weight.
• What is the characteristic feature of cyclic hydrocarbons?

  Cyclic hydrocarbons have carbon atoms arranged in a ring structure.
• What is the role of functional groups in organic chemistry?

  Functional groups determine the chemical properties and reactivity of organic compounds.
• What is the general formula for carboxylic acids?

  C$n$H$2n$O$2$
• What is the significance of the term "homologous series" in organic chemistry?

  It refers to a series of compounds with similar chemical properties and a gradual change in physical properties.
• How do the structural formulas of isomers differ from each other?

  Isomers have different arrangements of atoms, leading to different structural formulas despite having the same molecular formula.