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AS level biology
Elements and compounds (lesson notes)
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Cards (50)
What are the main elements that make up an organism's body?
Oxygen, Carbon, Nitrogen,
Calcium
, and
Phosphorus
What is the role of iron in the body?
Iron
is the main constituent of
haemoglobin
, which transports oxygen in red blood cells
Why is calcium important for the body?
Calcium
is essential for muscle
contraction
What is the significance of nitrogen in the body?
Nitrogen
is the main part of
amino acids
What does the term 'ate' refer to in chemistry?
'Ate'
refers to
oxygen
, or something oxygenated
What are macronutrients and their significance?
Macronutrients include iron,
magnesium
,
phosphate
, and calcium
Needed in small
traces
within the body
Phosphate
groups make up DNA, RNA, and ATP (the universal
energy
currency)
Magnesium is essential for
healthy
bone growth and
chlorophyll
production in plants
What happens if there is a lack of magnesium in plants?
A lack of magnesium leads to
yellow
leaves and 'chlorosis', preventing
photosynthesis
What are micronutrients and examples of them?
Micronutrients
include
zinc
, manganese, and iodine
Needed in
minuscule
amounts
What are the basic building blocks of all substances?
All substances are made from
atoms
of
elements
How are molecules formed?
Molecules are made from
two
or
more
atoms
What defines a molecule as an element?
If the
atoms
in the molecule are the
same
, then the molecule is an element
What defines a molecule as a compound?
If the
atoms
are different, then the
molecule
is a compound
What are ions and how can they be charged?
Ions can be
positively
or
negatively
charged
What are negatively charged particles that have gained one or more electrons called?
Anions
What is the overall charge of an anion?
Negative
charge
What happens to an atom when it becomes a
positively
charged ion?
It has lost one or more
electrons
and has more
protons
than electrons
What are compounds made from?
Atoms
of
two
or more elements
What distinguishes ionic compounds from molecular compounds?
Ionic
compounds are made of charged particles, while
molecular
compounds consist of non-charged particles
Why do positively charged ions have an overall positive charge?
Because they have more
protons
(
positive
charge) than electrons (negative charge)
What is the solubility characteristic of non-polar compounds?
They do not
dissolve
in water but will dissolve in
lipids
What are pure substances divided into?
Elements
and
compounds
What is required to break down pure substances into smaller parts?
A
chemical nuclear reaction
What are the six common elements that account for 99% of the mass of the human body?
Oxygen, Carbon,
Hydrogen
,
Nitrogen
, and two others
What percentage of the human body mass is made up of Nitrogen?
3%
What are the main components of all organic molecules?
Carbon,
Hydrogen
, and
Oxygen
In which types of molecules are Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen found?
Amino
acids and
nucleic
acids
What are the functions of the six common elements in the human body?
Oxygen
: Essential for
respiration
Carbon
: Backbone of
organic
molecules
Hydrogen
: Component of water and
organic
compounds
Nitrogen
: Key element in amino acids and
nucleic
acids
What percentage of the human body mass is calcium?
2%
What is the function of calcium in the body?
It
strengthens
teeth, bones, and nerves in animals, and
cell walls
in plants.
Where is calcium present in the body?
In
cell membranes
, ATP, and
nucleic acids.
What percentage of the human body mass is potassium?
0.35%
What is the function of potassium in the body?
Nerve
impulse
transmission.
What percentage of the human body mass is
sulfur
?
0.25%
What role does sulfur play in the body?
It is a
component
of some
amino acids.
What is the function of chlorine in the body?
It is involved in
carbon dioxide
transport.
What is the function of sodium in the body?
Nerve
impulse
transmission.
What is the function of magnesium in the body?
It is involved in
enzyme
function and
chlorophyll
function in plants.
What is the function of iron in the body?
It is essential for
oxygen transport.
What is the function of copper in the body?
It is involved in
enzyme
function.
What is the function of manganese in the body?
It is involved in
enzyme
function.
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