Cells

• Characteristics of living organisms: 

  M - moves: on it’s own accord

  S - sensitive: detects, reacts, and responds to changes in it’s environment

  G - grows: makes new cells (mitosis)

  R - reproduces: makes new offspring (sexually/asexually)

  E - exchanges gasses: O2, Co2, respiration, photosynthesis 

  E - excretes waste: removal of toxic materials

  N - nutritional input: chemical input for energy and reactions 

  • Organic: carbohydrates, proteins, fats
  • Inorganic: minerals, water, vitamins 
• Cell theory: 

  • All organisms are made of cells (building blocks)
  • Cells are the smallest functioning unit of living organisms (that works independently)
  • All cells come from pre-existing cells (mitosis) 
• Types of cells: 

  • Prokaryotic: do not contain a nucleus (no internal membrane structures)

  Eg., monera (bacteria)

  • Eukaryotic: contains a nucleus surrounded by a membrane (has internal membrane structures)

  Eg., animals, plants, fungi, protista  
• Cells -> Tissue -> Organ -> System
• Types of cells: 

  • Unicellular: consists of one cell only 
  • Multicellular: consists of many cells

  Cells of one type performing the same function are called tissue. 
• Cell wall: P

  Cell membrane: P, A

  Nucleus: P, A

  Mitochondrion: P, A

  Chloroplast: P

  Ribosome: P, A

  Cytosol: P, A

  Endoplasmic reticulum: P, A

  Golgi body: P, A

  Vacuole: P (big), A (small)

  Lysosome: A

  Centriole: A 
• Cell wall (P): Support and protection 
• Cell membrane (P, A): Flexible barrier that regulates movement of molecules in and out of the cell
• Nucleus (P, A): Holds DNA which controls cell activities 
• Mitochondrion (P, A): Where energy (ATP) is produced from glucose in cellular respiration
• Chloroplast (P): Site of photosynthesis to convert light energy into glucose 
• Ribosome (P, A): Sit of protein synthesis 
• Cytosol (P, A): Jelly fluid where many cell reactions happen
• Endoplasmic reticulum (P, A): Transports material within the cell
• Golgi body (P, A): Packages materials for storage and secretion 
• Vacuole (P - big, A - small): Storage area for water, starch, oils, etc., - large in plant cells 
• Lysosome (A): Packets of enzymes that are released to kill old/malfunctioning cells (apoptosis)
• Centriole (A): Structure involved in cell division