BIOCHEMISTRY

• What is Metabolism?

  total sum of ALL the chemical reactions going on in an organism
• Catabolic reactions

  large molecules broken down into smaller molecules
• Anabolic reactions

  smaller molecules built up into larger molecules
• Biological molecules:

  carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins/minerals, nucleic acids, water,lipids
• Carbohydrates:

  energy store and supply , parts of structure
• Proteins

  structure, support, enzymes, antibodies, hormones
• Vitamins/minerals:

  part of larger molecules , involved in metabolic pathways
• Nucleic acids

  carry information
• Water

  support plants, solvent for reactions
• Lipids

  membranes, energy store, insulation, protection, hormones
• Organic Chemistry

  chemistry with carbon
• Valency

  how many covalent bonds are related
• Covalent bonds

  electrons are SHARED between atoms
• Unsaturated bonds

  double bonding - 2 electron shared
• Monomer

  single molecule
• Polymer

  molecules bonded together in a large chain
• monomer of carbs

  monosaccharide
• polymer of carbs

  polysaccharide
• monomer of protein

  amino acid
• polymer of protein

  polypeptide
• monomer of nucleic acids

  nucleotides
• Polymer of nucleic acids

  DNA / RNA
• Polymerisation

  monomer -> polymer
• condensation reaction

  water molecule is produced
• properties of condensation reactions

  new covalent bonds formed, large molecules formed
• Hydrolysis

  water molecule used
• properties of hydrolysis reactions

  smaller molecules formed, requires energy, covalent bonds broken
• What is a mole

  SI unit for measuring the amount of a substance
• What is a molar solution

  a solution that contains 1 mole of solute in each litre of solution
• Ionic bonding:

  electrostatic attraction
• Hydrogen bonding:

  unevenly distributed sub-atomic particles form polar molecules , electrostatic attraction
• Macromolecule:

  a molecule containing a large amount of atoms
• each type of monosaccharide can form...

  a disaccharide via a condensation reaction
• alpha glucose + alpha glucose =

  maltose
• glucose + galactose =

  lactose
• disaccharides are bonded at

  1-4 carbons producing a glycosidic bond
• glucose

  alpha

  
• glucose

  beta

  
• glucose + fructose =

  sucrose
• testing a reducing sugar

  1. add benedict's solution
  2. heat to 95 degrees
  3. brick red colour