LESSON 3

• Frontal Plane This plane divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.
• 1. Sagittal Plane This plane divides the body into left and right portions.
• 1. Transverse Plane This plane divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions.
• midsagittal plane (which divides the body into equal left and right halves)
• parasagittal plane (which divides the body into unequal left and right portions).
• Transverse Plane This plane divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions.
• Body cavities - are spaces within the body that house and protect various organs.
• dorsal cavity - cavityin the back of the body, contains the brain and spinal cord
• Cranial Cavity: Houses the brain
• Spinal Cavity : Contains the spinal cord.
• Ventral Cavity - cavity in the front of the body
• Thoracic Cavity (superior to the diaphragm)
• Pleural Cavities: Each surrounds one lung.
• Pericardial Cavity: Surrounds the heart and is located within the mediastinum.
• Mediastinum: Contains the heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and major blood vessels. It is the central compartment of the thoracic cavity.
• Abdominopelvic Cavity (inferior to the diaphragm)
• Abdominal Cavity: Contains the stomach, liver, spleen, pancreas, kidneys, small intestine, and most of the large intestine.'
• Pelvic Cavity: Contains the bladder, reproductive organs (in females: uterus, ovaries; in males: prostate, seminal vesicles), and the rectum.
• Oral Cavity: Contains the mouth, teeth, and tongue.
• Nasal Cavity: Located within the nose, responsible for air passage and olfaction.
• Orbital Cavities: House the eyes.
• Cephalic Region:This is the area of the head, including the face and skull. (REGION)
• Cervical Region: This is the area of the neck, connecting the head to the trunk. (REGION)
• Trunk Region: This is the central part of the body, excluding the head and limbs. It includes the chest, abdomen, and back. (REGION)
• Upper Limb Region: This includes the arms and shoulders (REGION)
• 1. Lower Limb Region: This includes the legs and pelvis. (REGION)
• four quadrants approach is a method used in anatomy and clinical practice to divide the abdominal area into four sections.
• Right Upper Quadrant:

  • Location: Upper right side of the abdomen.
  • Key Structures: Liver (right lobe), gallbladder, right kidney, portions of the small and large intestines, and parts of the pancreas.
• Left Upper Quadrant

  • Location: Upper left side of the abdomen.
  • Key Structures: Liver (left lobe), stomach, spleen, left kidney, portions of the small and large intestines, and parts of the pancreas.
• Right Lower Quadrant

  • Location: Lower right side of the abdomen.
  • Key Structures: Appendix, right ovary (in females), right fallopian tube (in females), parts of the small and large intestines, and right ureter.
• Left Lower Quadrant

  • Location: Lower left side of the abdomen.
  • Key Structures: Left ovary (in females) left fallopian tube (in females), parts of the small and large intestines, and left ureter.

   
• The nine-region approach is a more detailed method for dividing the abdomen into nine sections, which helps in more precisely identifying and describing areas of discomfort, pain, or other conditions.
• Right Hypochondriac Region:

  • Location: Upper right part of the abdomen, just below the ribs.
  • Key Structures: Liver (right lobe), gallbladder, part of the right kidney, and parts of the small and large intestines.
• Epigastric Region:

  • Location: Upper central part of the abdomen, just below the sternum.
  • Key Structures: Stomach, liver (left lobe), part of the pancreas, and parts of the small and large intestines.
• Left Hypochondriac Region:

  • Location: Upper left part of the abdomen, just below the ribs.
  • Key Structures: Stomach, spleen, part of the left kidney, and parts of the small and large intestines.
• Right Lumbar Region:

  • Location: Middle right part of the abdomen.
  • Key Structures: Right kidney, ascending colon, and parts of the small intestine.
• Umbilical Region:

  • Location: Central part of the abdomen, around the navel.
  • Key Structures: Small intestine, transverse colon, and part of the pancreas.
• Left Lumbar Region:

  • Location: Middle left part of the abdomen.
  • Key Structures: Left kidney, descending colon, and parts of the small intestine.
• Right Iliac Region:

  • Location: Lower right part of the abdomen, near the groin.
  • Key Structures: Appendix, right ovary (in females), right fallopian tube (in females), and part of the small intestine.
• Hypogastric Region:

  • Location: Lower central part of the abdomen, above the pubic area.
  • Key Structures: Bladder, uterus (in females), and parts of the small and large intestines.