S and S

• Lithium flame test

  Red
• Sodium flame test

  Yellow
• Potassium flame test

  Lilac
• Calcium flame test

  Orange-red
• Barium flame test

  Green
• Copper flame test

  Blue-green
• Aluminium precipitate

  White (to colourless)
• Calcium precipitate

  White
• Copper precipitate

  Blue
• Iron (II) precipitate

  Green
• Iron (III) precipitate

  Brown
• Chloride (halide) precipitate

  White
• Bromide (halide) precipitate

  Cream
• Iodide (halide) precipitate

  Yellow
• Common salts of sodium and potassium

  Soluble
• Nitrates

  Soluble
• Common salts of ammonium

  Soluble
• Common chlorides

  Soluble (except lead and silver)
• Common sulfates

  Soluble (expect lead, barium and calcium)
• Common carbonates and hydroxides

  Insoluble (expect sodium, potassium and ammonium)
• Hydroxide

  OH-
• Nitrate

  NO (3-)
• Sulfate

  SO4 (2-)
• Carbonate

  CO3 (2-)
• Ammonium

  NH4 (+)
• Test for metals solution

  Sodium hydroxide
• Test for ammonium ions solution

  Warmed with sodium hydroxide
• What is usually used to test for carbonates

  Dilute hydrochloric acid, then limewater
• Barium reacts with what to form a white precipitate?

  Dilute hydrochloric acid
• Test for halides solution

  Dilute nitric acid
• Metal + dilute acid ->


  Salt + hydrogen
• Metal + steam ->

  Metal oxide + hydrogen
• Metal + water ->

  Metal hydroxide + hydrogen
• No reaction with water

  Below hydrogen, copper, silver and gold
• Rusts slowly with water

  Iron
• Usually no reaction with water

  Aluminium and Zinc
• Slow reaction with cold water and rapid with steam

  Calcium and magnesium
• React violently with cold water

  Potassium and sodium
• No reaction with dilute acids

  Below hydrogen, copper, silver and gold
• Slow reaction with dilute acids

  Iron and zinc