Foreign policy

• 3 aims of foreign policy

  warrior king

  secure succession

  international recognition
• 1509-14 focus


  be warrior king
• 1514-29 focus


  secure succession
• 1530-40 focus

  protect Break with Rome
• 1540-47 focus


  be warrior king
• when did Henry VII's old councillors renegotiate Treaty of Etaples

  1510
• when did Henry send 10,000 to southwest France and how was this used by Ferdinand

  1512

  as a diversionary tactic to conquer Navarre
• who led the 10,000 into southwest France in 1512

  Marquis of Dorset
• when did Henry himself lead a force into NE France

  1513
• battle of Spurs

  1513, NE France, captured Tournai and Thérouanne
• why wasn't the capture of Tournai that strategic

  160 miles from Calais
• give 2 examples of Henry demonstrating his warrior king priorities early in his reign

  commissioned translation of the life of his warlike predecessor, Henry V

  sent AB of Y (Christopher Bainbridge) to persuade Pope Julius II to enter anti-French alliance, the Holy League
• when did Henry VIII join the Holy League

  1511
• which countries were in the Holy League

  England, Papacy, Venice, HRE, Spain
• battle of flodden date

  Sept 1513
• battle of flodden outline

  James IV crossed border with large force

  defeated by smaller English force

  James IV and nobility killed
• results of Flodden

  infant James V on throne

  regent of Scotland was Henry VIII's sis Margaret

  war was costly and H8 had to liquidate his inherited assets

  ramblings about taxation in Yorkshire
• who led the English forces at Flodden

  Earl of Surrey
• how much did the first French war cost

  £892,000
• result of French wars early in reign

  lost French pension

  had to sell back Tournai in 1519 for much less than the English paid to repair defences after siege
• failures of 1509-14

  peace with Scotland until 1542 (not fulfilling aims)

  further campaign contemplated in 1514 but was abandoned after Ferdinand and Max. made separate peace with France
• why could 1509-14 be seen as successful?

  - allying with great European powers against England's biggest enemy (Holy League 1511) = increased international security and recognition

  - minorly improved reputation with victories in NE France

  - killed James IV, infant James V not a threat to England

  - Wolsey made peace with France, recovered Étaples pension, marriage alliance between Henry's sis Mary and King of France Louis XII

  - 1509 marriage to Cat of Aragon, alliance with Spain and heir 1516
• marriage alliance in 1514

  Henry's sis Mary to King of France Louis XII
• 3 things to remember about foreign policy 1514-29

  - England remained a relatively minor power, couldn't compete with Spain or France

  - Henry overestimated English power - Wolsey had to plan FP on this false assumption

  - 'auld alliance' created tension with Scotland whenever Henry aggravated France
• by what year had Henry run out of money and what did this lead to

  1514

  couldn't exploit weakness of Scottish throne following death of James IV

  sought peace with France, marriage alliance
• who took over the French throne after Louis XII's death and when

  Francis I (Henry's political rival)

  1515
• after Francis I's accession to the throne what did Henry VIII do

  alliance with Ferdinand of Aragon
• who did sis Mary marry after Louis XII died

  Duke of Suffolk
• when did Ferdinand die

  1516
• who succeeded Ferdinand

  grandson Charles V (also grandson of Max I of HRE)
• name an alliance which threatened Henry in 1510s

  Treaty of Noyon

  1516

  Charles and Francis I (henry's rival)
• treaty of Cambrai when

  1517
• treaty of Cambrai who

  HRE Max, Charles V, French

  = England is isolated
• how does Francis undermine Anglo-Scottish relations


  Francis sends Duke of Albany - French noble and heir presumptive to Scottish throne - to Scotland
• why was the threat of Albany not too bad, but what does it reveal about Henry's character

  there were divisions in the Scottish nobility

  Henry seemed incapable of exploiting divisions and weaknesses in Scotland
• Treaty of London

  1518

  prompted by Pope Leo X calling for a united Christian front against the Ottoman Turks

  became a non-aggression pact between France, England, Spain, HRE (20 states in total)
• outline the benefits of the Treaty of London

  - Henry gained prestige

  - Wolsey gained prestige as primary peacemaker in Europe, leading diplomat, awarded Papal Legate 1518

  - saved H's reputation since he couldn't afford war

  - peace with France (Tournai sold back 1519, but agreed to pay pension for compensation - étaples), agreed to keep Albany out of Scotland
• why was France encouraged to change their attitude in late 1510s


  concerned about increased power Spain could exert with election of Spanish king (Charles V) to HRE
• when did Maximilian I die

  Jan 1519
• why was the treaty of London not that successful

  didn't last

  shifts in power, Charles became HRE June 1519, Max died Jan 1519

  dismissed as an exercise in egoism