Society

• what happened to size of peerage

  increased
• despite size of peerage increasing how were there only 9 more peers at end of reign than at beginning

  creation of new peers had been offset as result of natural wastage (losing title carelessly/destroying it) and by attainders
• how did one achieve their rank

  as result of successful royal service as courtier or soldier or close family relationships
• who was the King's bro-in-law and what was he promoted to

  Edward Seymour

  Earl of Hertford
• who were the 2 non-royal ducal titles that Henry promoted

  Norfolk

  Suffolk
• what were nobles expected to do

  - have great households, offer hospitality

  - maintain law and order

  - recruit people to royal armies
• example of a noble recruiting people to royal army

  E of Shrewsbury raised 4000 men for French invasion in 1513
• nobility were brought more under the control of the monarch, example

  Thomas Fiennes, Baron Dacre of the south

  1541 convicted of murder, hanged like a common criminal
• when was the Marquess of Exeter + Henry Pole Baron Montague executed

  1538
• Margaret Pole Countess of Sailsbury was who and what happened

  Montague's mum

  executed after being attainted and imprisoned for 2 yrs in Twr of Ldn for treason
• when and why were Lords Darcy and Hussey executed

  after involvement in rebellion 1536
• how many knighthoods were conferred for military service

  31
• how many gentry families in 1540

  5000
• how many knightly families in 1524

  200
• why did the no. of the gentry increase

  due to more land due to dissolution
• who were local administrators

  laymen
• describe how there was increased social mobility from legal training

  legal training gave positions of power

  power gives salaries

  salaries gives land

  land gives power

  power gives personal favour from king

  king gives knighthoods
• examples of people from humble backgrounds

  Wolsey - son of Ipswich butcher

  Cromwell - son of blacksmith

  Cranmer, More, Gardiner - from families outside power elite
• growth in urban areas

  London, 60,000 (1520) to 100-120,000 (1582)

  bristol 10,000 (1520) to 12,000
• bad harvest years

  1520, 27, 35, 45
• good harvest years

  1510,37,47
• price of food in 1511-20 (100=1451-75)

  116

  217
• purchasing power of people in south - labourers

  decreased from 89 in 1510-19 to 71 1540-49
• purchasing power of people in south - craftsmen

  decreased from 88 in 1510-19 to 70 1540-49
• husbandmen

  self-sufficient peasant smallholders
• greater availability of land meant what for peasants

  some acquired copyholds to land (paying rent to gentry who bought estates to lease them out and make profit)

  the more prosperous peasants bought land outright
• yeoman

  farmed for profit rather than subsistence
• vagabonds act

  1531, JPs could give licenses to impotent poor to beg
• act for the punishment of sturdy vagabonds

  1536, vagabonds should be set to work after punishment

  local officers responsible for ensuring poor should be cared for so they don't need to beg
• before what year was Wales a separate territory (but in practice under English control)

  1536
• laws in wales act 1536


  - divided Wales into shire counties, with JPs operating on same basis as English counterparts

  - gave Welsh shires direct representation in House of Commons

  - Wales brought into same legal framework

  - English lang. and culture imposed
• who was responsible for control in Wales and the Marches

  aristocracy

  e.g: Earls of Pembroke
• where was the control of Wales and the Marches based

  Ludlow, Shropshire
• when were the 3 palatinates brought back under English control

  1536
• 3 palatinates

  Lancashire, Cheshire, Durham
• Act Resuming Liberties to the Crown when and what

  1536

  reduced independence of bishops in places like Durham
• what was the Anglo-Scottish border like

  remote

  inhospitable in Winter

  lawless

  violence
• how was the Anglo-Scottish border controlled

  3 marches under jurisdiction of a warden
• why was it hard to appoint wardens for the Scottish border

  - local noble fam: risk noble exploit his office to enhance his power at the King's expense

  - local officers from gentry (eg: Thomas Warton, recent peer, appointed 1542)

  - complete outsiders, couldn't influence conduct of local people who saw themselves as owing loyalty to the local magnate
• what happened to the Council in the North

  re-established in York with a professional staff, had both legal and administrative functions

  kept north quiet in summer rebellions 1549

  northerners resented southerners being appointed to the council