AP world

• What is a state as defined in the study material?


  A state is an area of land ruled by a government.
• What are fragments?


  Fragments are the small pieces left over when something breaks.
• What does it mean if something is self-sufficient?


  It means it doesn’t need anything from the outside.
• What is decentralization?


  Decentralization is when local officials have power rather than the national government.
• Who are peasants?


  Peasants are poor individuals who are generally farmers.
• How did the collapse of the Roman Empire affect Europe?


  It led to a politically fragmented Western Europe divided into many small monarchies.
• What is feudalism?

  Feudalism is a system where different classes of people make promises to each other for mutual benefit.
• How did the monarch's power in feudalism compare to that of the lords?

  The monarch's power was limited and depended on the support of the lords.
• What is the manorial system?

  The manorial system provided both defense and economic self-sufficiency for the manor's people.
• What did peasants provide to the lord in exchange for defense?

  Peasants provided food to the lord in exchange for defense.
• What characterized coerced labor in the feudal system?

  Coerced laborers, like serfs, had limited rights and could not leave the manor without permission.
• What was the period between 1250 and 1450 known as?


  The late Middle Ages.
• What led to the creation of a middle class during the late Middle Ages?


  The increase in long-distance trade led to the creation of a middle class, including shopkeepers and merchants.
• What was the dominant religion in Europe during this period?

  Christianity.
• What happened to Christianity in 1054?


  Christianity split into two branches: Catholicism and Orthodox Christianity.
• How did the Church influence Western European society?


  The Church exerted pressure on political power and influenced the arts significantly.
• What were the Crusades?


  The Crusades were military expeditions to conquer the Holy Land, initiated by the Pope in 1095.
• What was the Reconquista?

  The Reconquista was the event where Spanish Catholics sought to reclaim territory from Muslims in Spain.
• Where did most Jewish people live during the Middle Ages?

  Most Jewish people lived around the Mediterranean, particularly in Muslim-controlled Spain.
• How did the Catholic Church's policy affect Jewish people in the Middle Ages?

  The Church's prohibition on Christians lending money led Jewish people to become money lenders, contributing to the economy.
• When was the Song Dynasty created?


  The Song Dynasty was created in 960.
• What was the role of the imperial bureaucracy in China?


  The imperial bureaucracy was a vast organization that carried out the empire's policies.
• How did the Song Dynasty expand educational opportunities?


  The Song Dynasty expanded educational opportunities to young men of lower economic classes for civil service exams.
• What was the impact of the Song Dynasty's bureaucracy on its economy?

  The large bureaucracy increased government costs, which began to dry up China's surplus wealth.
• What ideology underpinned the legitimacy of the Song Dynasty?

  Confucianism underpinned the government's legitimacy in China.
• What is filial piety in Confucianism?

  Filial piety requires obedience to superiors and fulfilling assigned societal roles.
• How did Confucianism influence the Song Dynasty's government structure?


  Confucianism emphasized respect for hierarchical roles, influencing the Song Dynasty's political setup.
• What happened in 1125 regarding the Song Dynasty?

  Nomadic peoples called the Jurchen gained control of Northern China, leading to the Southern Song period.
• What was the economic impact of the Jurchen's control over Northern China?

  The loss of territory to the Jurchen seemed to strengthen the economy of the Southern Song.
• What type of rice was introduced to China in the 11th century?

  Champa rice.
• How did Champa rice affect agricultural productivity?


  Champa rice could be harvested twice a year, greatly increasing productive capacity.
• What was the significance of manufacturing during the Song Dynasty?


  The Song became the world’s leaders in ceramics and began making iron and steel, leading to increased trade.
• How did urbanization affect trade during the Song Dynasty?


  Urbanization created markets large enough to sell luxury goods, increasing trade.
• What trade route did the Song focus on by 1450?

  The Song focused on maritime trade.
• What was the impact of the Song Dynasty's economy becoming increasingly commercialized?

  Goods produced in one part of China were increasingly shipped to other parts for sale.
• How did the Song Dynasty treat land ownership for peasants?

  The Song Dynasty redistributed land to peasants, allowing them to own small farms.
• Where did artisans mainly live during the Song Dynasty?

  Artisans mainly lived in the capital city, Hangzhou.
• What types of products did artisans make during the Song Dynasty?

  Artisans made products including hats, bedding, silk fabrics, women’s jewelry, and indoor flowers.
• How did Buddhism spread to China?

  Buddhism came to China from India via the Silk Roads during the Classical Era.
• What are the three forms of Buddhism that shaped Asia?

  Theravada, Mahayana, and Tibetan Buddhism.