display of quantitative and others

• a raw data table is a record of individual data points collected from participants
• a frequency table is a log of the number/frequency of observations of behavioural categories. frequency tables are called tally charts
• patterns in large amounts of raw data can be hard to see in raw data tables and frequency tables. Tables of descriptive statistics summarise large quantities of raw information and generally include measures of central tendency and dispersion
• a bar chart summarises the frequency of categorical data. The categorical variable (e.g. pet choice) goes on the X-axis and the frequency is on the Y-axis. The height of each bar is the frequency
• the bars in a bar chart show categorical data, not continuous data, this is made clear by making sure each BAR DOES NOT TOUCH
• if the bars in a bar chart touch, it isn't a bar chart, it is a histogram
• scattergrams display the relationship between two co-variables. Each point plotted on the scattergram represents two measurements of the same participant, and either variable can go on either of the axes
• scattergrams are used when doing a correlational analysis
• histograms display the frequency of continuous numerical data. The frequency is placed on the Y-axis and the continuous variable(test score, age group) is on the X-axis
• as the bars in a histogram show continuous data and not categorical data, THE BARS TOUCH
• line graphs allow for the display and comparison of two sets of continuous data on the same graph. the frequency is placed on the Y axis and the continuous variable is on the X axis
• a pie chart shows proportions of different categories within a whole
• a line graph is produced by drawing a line from the mid-point top of

  each bar in a histogram
• scattergrams indicate the strength and direction of a correlation
• a cross-sectional study is an alternative to a longitudinal study. One group of participants is compared to another group of participants at the same point in time e.g. 2019 (so you don’t have to wait years for results!). These 2 groups could be young vs. old people).
• a longitudinal study is a study conducted over a long period of time (it’s long!) to observe the long-term effects and to make comparisons between the same individual at different ages.