Alcock states there are close ties of love and affection between husband and wife, parents and children but strong evidence is required for any other types of relationships
McLoughlin v O'Brian
immediate aftermath was satisfied 2 hours after the event as C saw them in the state they were in when they had the accident
McLoughlin v O'Brain
Unaided senses can be through sight, sound or touch
Walters V North Glamorgan NHS

The shock need not be instantaneous but can be prolonged over several hours
