Gender Bias

• What are the key issues and debates in psychology related to gender bias?

  • Gender bias: differential treatment based on stereotypes
  • Androcentrism: male-centered perspectives
  • Alpha bias: exaggeration of differences
  • Beta bias: minimization of differences
  • Cultural bias: ethnocentrism and cultural relativism
• What does the acronym GRENADE stand for in psychology issues and debates?

  Gender Bias, Reductionism, Ethnocentrism, Nature/Nurture, Approach (Idiographic/Nomothetic), Determinism, Ethics
• What does universality mean in psychology?

  It means that conclusions about human characteristics can be applied to all people, regardless of time or culture
• How does bias affect psychological research?

  Bias can create a distorted view of the world and influence research outcomes
• What is alpha bias in psychology?

  It refers to theories that exaggerate or overestimate differences between the sexes
• What is beta bias in psychology?

  It refers to theories that ignore or minimize differences between the sexes
• How does Kohlberg’s theory of moral development relate to gender bias?

  It has been criticized for being based primarily on male moral reasoning
• What are the consequences of gender bias in psychological research?

  • Misrepresentation of experiences
  • Stereotyping of genders
  • Potential harm to individuals based on biased findings
  • Limitations in understanding human behavior
• What is the difference between alpha and beta bias?

  Alpha bias exaggerates differences between genders, while beta bias minimizes them
• What does Simone de Beauvoir mean by her quote regarding the representation of the world?

  She suggests that perspectives are often male-centered and may not reflect the truth
• What does GRENADE stand for in the context of issues and debates in psychology?

  • G: Gender Bias
  • R: Reductionism
  • E: Ethnocentrism
  • N: Nature/Nurture
  • A: Approach (Idiographic/Nomothetic)
  • D: Determinism
  • E: Ethics
• Which is preferable: to regard men and women as being psychologically different or as the same?

  This is subjective and depends on the context of the discussion
• How does Kohlberg’s theory of moral development demonstrate beta bias?

  It underestimates the differences between the sexes by using a male-only sample
• What is the impact of gender bias on psychological theories?

  It can lead to theories that do not accurately represent the experiences of all genders
• Which gender does Kohlberg's research primarily ignore?

  Females
• How can researchers minimize gender bias in their studies?

  By ensuring diverse representation in research samples and considering gender differences
• What are the consequences of ignoring females in Kohlberg's research?

  It may lead to a lack of understanding of female moral development
• How does the fight or flight response illustrate beta bias?

  It often assumes that the response applies equally to both genders, ignoring potential differences
• What are the implications of alpha and beta bias in psychological research?

  • Alpha bias can lead to undervaluing women and reinforcing stereotypes.
  • Beta bias can result in ignoring potential differences between genders, leading to inaccurate conclusions.
• How does beta bias affect the generalization of research findings?

  It may lead to inaccurate beliefs about male behavior based on female results
• What does alpha bias suggest about male and female abilities?

  It suggests that there are real differences between males and females due to hormonal differences
• How does alpha bias reinforce stereotypes about women?

  By suggesting that women are less capable due to hormonal differences
• What does the term 'androcentrism' mean?

  It refers to a male-centered perspective in research
• What are the consequences of androcentrism in psychological research?

  Female behavior may be judged as abnormal or inferior
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of gender-biased research?

  Strengths:

  • Highlights the need for gender considerations in research

  
  

  Weaknesses:

  • Encourages negative assumptions about women
  • Can lead to underrepresentation of women in research
  • May reinforce harmful stereotypes
• What did Maccoby and Jacklin (1974) find regarding gender differences?

  They found that girls have superior verbal ability and boys have better spatial ability
• What is essentialism in the context of gender differences?

  It is the belief that gender differences are fixed and enduring
• What did Formanowicz et al (2018) find regarding research on gender bias?

  They found that research on gender bias has less funding
• What did Joel et al. (2015) discover about sex differences in brain structure?

  They did not find significant sex differences in brain structure or functioning
• What issue arises from the underrepresentation of women in university departments?


  Fewer scholars are aware of gender bias issues
• What did Brescoll and Uhlman (2008) find regarding perceptions of male and female anger?

  Male anger is seen as caused by external factors, while female anger is medicalized
• What is publication bias in the context of gender bias research?

  Research that challenges gender biases may not be published
• What did Murphy et al. (2014) find regarding the gender distribution of psychology lecturers?

  Most university lecturers are male, despite most psychology undergraduates being female
• How might a male researcher’s expectations affect research findings?

  They may expect women to be unable to complete complex tasks, leading to biased results
• What is one problem associated with alpha bias in psychological research?

  It can lead to the undervaluation of women's abilities
• What is one problem associated with beta bias in psychological research?

  It can lead to the assumption that males and females behave the same