Observational research

• Types of observational research

  • Naturalistic
  • Controlled
  • Overt
  • Covert
  • Participant
  • Non-participant
• Behavioural categories


  Psychologists use these to record particular instances of behaviour, rather than observing a continuous stream
• Observational sampling


  • Event sampling
  • Time sampling
• Pilot studies for observations are used to check the coding system, visibility of participants, and equipment
• Ethical issues in observations

  • Informed consent
  • Deception
  • Confidentiality
  • Right to withdraw
• Methodological issues in observations

  • Difficulty categorising behaviours
  • Observer bias
  • Demand characteristics