mary government

• When did Mary become queen?

  July 1553
• What date was Mary's coronation?

  1 October 1553
• When did Mary hold her first parliament?

  5 October 1553
• What significant event occurred in November 1553?

  Securing marriage
• What was the consequence of Mary's marriage in January 1554?

  It provoked a rebellion
• What was Mary's priority as queen?

  Promote Catholicism
• What problem did Mary face regarding her kingdom?

  She inherited a kingdom that was fundamentally divided
• Why was Mary unprepared to rule?

  She was never brought up to rule and had limited education
• What was a challenge regarding Mary's supporters?

  Her loyal and trusted supporters had no experience
• Who did Mary have to rely on for advice?

  Some of Edward's advisors
• What traditional views affected Mary's rule?

  There was a lack of innovation and a wide-ranging council
• What was a problem with the Privy Council during Mary's reign?

  It was inefficient
• Where did Mary stay when Edward was on the throne?

  Kinninghall
• Who was the head of Mary's household?

  Robert Rochester
• Who managed the wardrobe for Mary?

  Edward Waldegrave
• Who gained Mary's support during her reign?

  Sir Henry Jerningham
• Who was the lieutenant of the Tower of London?

  Sir Henry Bedingfield
• Who was Stephen Gardiner?

  He was Henry VIII's secretary and the Bishop of Winchester
• What was Lord Paget's political stance during Edward's reign?

  He was conservative
• What role did Renard play in Mary's reign?

  He was the Imperial ambassador who secured the Spanish marriage
• What did Renard discuss with Mary in secret?

  Divisions regarding her marriage
• When did Renard leave England?

  August 1555
• What was the focus of the parliament on 5 October?

  Religion and the validity of her parents' marriage
• What was a concern regarding Mary's marriage at age 37?

  The possibility of not having children
• What were the implications of marrying English nobility for Mary?

  It could limit foreign nobility and no extra status
• Who were the choices for Mary's marriage?

  Edward Courtenay (Earl of Devon) and Philip II of Spain
• What happened on 16 November 1553 in the House of Commons?

  20 members dissuaded from the Spanish marriage
• How did Mary respond to Gardiner's tearful dissuasion?

  Her rebuttal enhanced her authority
• What were the key points of the marriage treaty in April 1554?

  Philip would be called king but not have power, and England would not get involved in Spanish wars
• What did the Act concerning regal power in 1554 state?

  Mary held regal power as fully and absolutely as her male predecessors
• What was the condition regarding Philip's claim to authority if Mary died?

  If Mary died, Philip would have no claim to authority
• What did Mary not seek to change regarding sovereignty?

  She did not seek to change limits on sovereignty
• What were the main problems Mary faced as queen?

  • Inherited a fundamentally divided kingdom
  • Lack of training and limited education
  • Loyal supporters had no experience
  • Reliance on some of Edward's advisors
  • Being a woman in a male-dominated society
• What were the traditional views affecting Mary's governance?

  • Lack of innovation
  • Wide-ranging council
  • Split in government
  • Inefficient Privy Council
• What were the key aspects of the marriage treaty with Philip II of Spain?

  • Philip would be called king but not have power
  • No foreign officeholder would be introduced
  • England would not get involved in Spanish wars
• When did Mary first meet Phillip?

  23rd July 1554
• When did Mary and Phillip get married?

  25th July 1554
• Why did Phillip leave England on 10th October?

  He did not like England's weather and faced hostility from English courtiers
• How did Mary perceive her age in relation to Phillip?

  Mary considered herself to be 'middle aged'
• What changes were made to the government in 1554 and 1555?

  • 1554: Councillors established committees (naval, sale of crown land) excluding more casual councillors
  • 1555: Spanish influence changed with Renard returning to Spain; Padget became dominant in the select council