Immunohema quick review

• What is the field of study that focuses on blood and its components?

  Immunohematology
• What is the outline of the study material on Immunohematology?

  • Historical Perspective
  • Scientists and Their Contributions
  • Terminologies
  • Current Status
  • American Association of Blood Banks (AABB)
  • The Donation Process
  • RBC Biology and Preservation
  • RBC Membrane
  • RBC Metabolism
  • RBC Preservation
  • Additive Solutions
  • Freezing and Rejuvenation
  • Platelet Biology and Preservation
  • Platelet Preservation
  • Clinical Use of Platelets
  • Platelet Additive Solutions (PAS)
  • Frozen Platelets
• Who discovered the ABO blood group?

  Karl Landsteiner
• What did Edward E. Lindemann contribute to transfusion medicine?

  Devices for transfusion
• What is the significance of Dr. Charles Drew in blood transfusion?

  He developed techniques in blood transfusion and preservation
• What does citrate-phosphate-dextrose (CPD) do in blood storage?

  It is a standard preservative used for blood storage
• What is component therapy in transfusion medicine?

  It allows selection of specific blood components for patient needs
• What is the amount of whole blood in a unit according to AABB?

  500 mL ± 10%
• How long does it take for a donor to replenish 1 pint of blood?

  24 hours
• What is the minimum hematocrit required for blood donors?

  38%
• How much anticoagulant preservative solution is used in blood collection?

  63 to 70 mL
• What is the storage duration for donor RBCs?

  1 to 2 months
• How often can a blood donor donate whole blood?

  Every 8 weeks
• What is the storage duration for whole blood units?

  21 to 42 days
• What are the components that whole blood can be separated into?

  1. Packed RBCs
  2. Platelets
  3. Plasma

  • Can be converted to clotting factor by cryoprecipitation
• Is donated blood free?

  Yes, donated blood is free
• What is the purpose of the donor health history questionnaire?


  To identify donors exposed to transmissible diseases
• What does the abbreviated physical examination for donors include?

  Blood pressure, pulse, temperature, hemoglobin level, and skin inspection
• What are the crucial factors for normal RBC survival and function?

  1. Normal chemical composition and structure of the RBC membrane
  2. Hemoglobin structure and function
  3. RBC metabolism
• What happens if there are defects in RBC membrane, hemoglobin, or metabolism?

  RBCs will survive fewer than the normal 120 days in circulation
• What is the structure of the RBC membrane?

  It is a semipermeable lipid bilayer with a mesh-like protein cytoskeleton
• What are the main lipid components of the RBC membrane?

  Phospholipids
• What is the role of integral membrane proteins in RBCs?

  They extend from the outer surface and span the entire membrane
• What is the composition of the RBC membrane proteins?

  52% protein, 40% lipid, and 8% carbohydrate
• What happens to RBC membrane deformability when ATP levels decrease?

  There is a loss of membrane deformability
• What is the permeability of the RBC membrane to water and anions?


  It is freely permeable to water and anions
• How does the RBC membrane maintain volume and water homeostasis?

  It is impermeable to cations like sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+)
• What is the intracellular-to-extracellular ratio of sodium (Na+) in RBCs?

  1. 12
• What is the intracellular-to-extracellular ratio of potassium (K+) in RBCs?

  25:1
• What occurs during ATP-depletion in RBCs?

  Ca2+ and Na+ enter, while K+ and water are lost
• What are the processing pathways in RBC metabolism?

  1. Pentose phosphate pathway
  2. Methemoglobin reductase pathway
  3. Luebering-rapoport shunt

  • Accumulation of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) for hemoglobin affinity for oxygen
• What does the hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve indicate about the tense (T) form of hemoglobin?

  It has a lower affinity for oxygen
• What does the relaxed (R) form of hemoglobin do?

  It loads oxygen and becomes oxyhemoglobin with higher affinity
• What does a shift to the right in the hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve indicate?


  It alleviates tissue oxygen deficit in cases such as hypoxia
• What does a shift to the left in the hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve indicate?

  It increases hemoglobin-oxygen affinity and decreases oxygen delivery to tissues
• What is the required post-transfusion RBC survival percentage for a successful transfusion?

  More than 75%
• What is the storage temperature range for RBCs?

  1°C to 6°C
• What are the types of anticoagulant preservative solutions and their storage times?

  • ACD-A: 21 days
  • CPD: 21 days
  • CP2D: 21 days
  • CPDA-1: 35 days
• What is the function of citrate in anticoagulant solutions?

  It chelates calcium and prevents clotting
• What is the role of monobasic sodium phosphate in anticoagulant solutions?

  It maintains pH during storage