Topic b1- Cell differentiation and specialisation

• What is the process by which a cell changes to become suited for its job called?

  Differentiation
• How do cells differentiate?

  Cells differentiate by developing different structures and functions.
• What is the significance of differentiation in multicellular organisms?

  It allows cells to carry out specific functions.
• When does most differentiation occur in an organism?

  Most differentiation occurs as an organ develops.
• What types of cells mainly differentiate in mature animals?


  Cells that are mainly used for replacing and repairing, such as skin or blood cells.
• What are gametes and how do they relate to differentiation?

  Gametes are undifferentiated cells called stem cells.
• What are the specialized functions of sperm cells?

  • Specialised for reproduction
  • Function: Deliver male DNA to female DNA
  • Features: Long tail, streamlined head, many mitochondria, enzymes in head
• What are the specialized functions of nerve cells?

  • Specialised for rapid signalling
  • Function: Carry electrical signals throughout the body
  • Features: Long structure, branched connections
• What are the specialized functions of muscle cells?

  • Specialised for contraction
  • Function: Contract quickly
  • Features: Long structure, many mitochondria
• What are the specialized functions of root hair cells?

  • Specialised for absorbing water and minerals
  • Features: Long "hairs" that increase surface area for absorption
• What are the specialized functions of phloem and xylem cells?

  • Specialised for transporting substances
  • Features: Long tubes, xylem cells are hollow, phloem cells have few subcellular structures
• How do phloem and xylem cells facilitate transport in plants?

  They form tubes that transport substances such as food and water around plants.
• What structural differences exist between xylem and phloem cells?

  Xylem cells are hollow in the center, while phloem cells have very few subcellular structures.