organic 1

• What does organic chemistry mainly concern?

  The properties and reactions of hydrocarbons
• What are hydrocarbons?

  Compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms
• How can hydrocarbons be represented?

  In many different ways, including structural and molecular formulas
• What is nomenclature in organic chemistry?

  • The set of rules for naming organic compounds
  • Guidelines for representing their formulas
• What is an empirical formula?

  The simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound
• What does a molecular formula represent?

  The true number of atoms of each element in a compound

  
• What is a general formula in organic chemistry?

  A formula that all members of a homologous organic series follow

  
• What is the general formula for alkanes?

  C$nH_{2n+2}$
• What does a structural formula show?

  The structural arrangement of atoms within a molecule

  
• What is a displayed formula?

  A formula that shows every atom and every bond in an organic compound
• What does a skeletal formula represent?

  Only the bonds in a compound and any non-carbon atoms
• What is a homologous series in organic chemistry?

  • A series of organic compounds that follow a general formula
  • Each member differs by CH$_2$
  • Similar chemical reactivity
  • Increase in boiling points with chain length

  
• What is a functional group in organic chemistry?

  A specific group of atoms that determines the chemical reactivity of a compound

  
• How are compounds named according to IUPAC rules?

  • Ensures universal naming
  • Avoids confusion
  • Allows naming from structures and drawing structures from names
• What does the prefix of a chemical name indicate?

  The length of the longest unbroken chain of carbon atoms in the compound
• What are the prefixes for halogens in organic compounds?

  • Fluorine: Fluoro-
  • Chlorine: Chloro-
  • Bromine: Bromo-
  • Iodine: Iodo-
• What are the general rules for naming organic compounds?

  1. Functional groups and side chains are numbered
  2. Numbers are separated by commas
  3. Numbers and words are separated by hyphens
  4. Use prefixes for multiple side chains or functional groups
  5. Number the carbon chain from the end nearest a functional group
  6. Include prefixes in alphabetical order

  
• What is the displayed structure of butan-2,3-diol?

  It has a longest chain of 4 carbon atoms and two alcohol functional groups on carbons 2 and 3
• What is the displayed structure of 3-ethyl,5-methylhexan-2-ol?


  It has a longest chain of 6 carbon atoms with ethyl and methyl side chains
• What is propanone also known as?

  Propan-2-one
• What is the skeletal structure of 1,2-dichloropropane?

  A representation showing the bonds and non-carbon atoms in the compound

  
• What are the main types of reactions in organic chemistry?

  • Addition: Reactants combine to form a single product
  • Substitution: One functional group replaces another
  • Oxidation: A species loses electrons
  • Reduction: A species gains electrons
  • Polymerisation: Monomers join to form a polymer

  
• What do mechanisms in organic chemistry show?

  The movement of electrons within a reaction
• What are isomers?

  Molecules with the same molecular formula but a different arrangement of atoms
• What are structural isomers?

  • Isomers with the same molecular formula
  • Different structural arrangement of atoms
  • Can be straight or branched chains
• What are position isomers?

  • Isomers with the same molecular formula
  • Functional group in different positions on the carbon chain
• What are functional group isomers?

  • Isomers with the same molecular formula
  • Different functional groups
• What are stereoisomers?

  • Isomers with different spatial arrangements
  • Includes E-Z isomerism
• What is E-Z isomerism?

  A type of stereoisomerism where functional groups can be 'together' or 'apart' due to limited rotation around a double bond
• How is the E isomer defined?

  Functional groups are on opposite sides of the double bond
• How is the Z isomer defined?

  Functional groups are on the same side of the double bond
• What are the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog (CIP) priority rules?

  • Determine priority based on the first atom attached to the carbon with the double bond
  • If tied, look at the second atoms attached
• How do you determine if a compound is E or Z using CIP rules?

  By comparing the priority of the groups attached to the carbon with the double bond
• What is the difference between cis- and trans- isomers?

  • Cis-: Groups on the same side
  • Trans-: Groups on opposite sides
  • Cis- and trans- can only be used when comparing hydrogen atoms
• What are alkanes?

  Saturated hydrocarbons with all single carbon-carbon bonds
• What are cycloalkanes?

  They are saturated hydrocarbons that are exceptions to the general formula
• What is fractional distillation?

  • A method to separate crude oil into different hydrocarbons
  • Based on different boiling points of the molecules
• What are the steps in fractional distillation of crude oil?

  1. Vapourise the mixture and feed into the fractionating column
  2. Vapours rise, cool, and condense
  3. Products are siphoned off for different uses

  
• Why do products with short carbon chains rise higher in the fractionating column?

  Because they have lower boiling points
• Why do products with long carbon chains condense at the bottom of the fractionating column?

  Because they have higher boiling points