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• What is a tributary in the context of state relationships?

  A tributary is a weaker state that pays tribute to a stronger state.
• What were the two main trading networks connecting Southeast Asia to the Afro-Eurasian economy by 1200?

  The Indian Ocean trade and the Silk Roads.
• What types of goods were transported via the Silk Roads compared to the Indian Ocean trade?

  Luxuries such as spices were transported via the Silk Roads, while the Indian Ocean trade carried less expensive and heavier goods like lumber.
• How did the ocean trade influence the spread of religions in Southeast Asia?

  Hinduism and later Buddhism spread from South Asia across Southeast Asia due to ocean trade.
• What was the relationship between Buddhism and Hinduism in Southeast Asia?

  Buddhism did not generally replace Hinduism; people tended to add Buddhism to their existing Hindu beliefs.
• What economic power did some Southeast Asian states rely on compared to others?

  Some states relied on trade for economic power, while others relied primarily on farming.
• What was the Majapahit Kingdom, and how did it gain power?

  The Majapahit Kingdom was a Hindu-Buddhist kingdom centered on Java that gained power by controlling ocean routes.
• How did the kingdom of Angkor maintain its economic power?

  The kingdom of Angkor maintained its economic power through complex irrigation and drainage systems in its rice fields.
• What architectural achievements were associated with the kingdom of Angkor?

  The government of Angkor used its wealth to construct monumental architecture, including Hindu temples and Buddhist monasteries.
• What significant change occurred in the 15th century regarding religion in Southeast Asia?


  A new religion, Islam, was becoming more popular in Southeast Asia.
• How did the Sultanate of Malacca gain power in the 15th century?

  The Sultanate of Malacca gained power due to its location along a key spice oceanic trading route and its natural harbor.
• What was the role of camels in Trans-Saharan trade?

  Camels were used to transport goods across the Sahara.
• What caused the intensification of Trans-Saharan trade in 1200-1450?

  The intensification was due to the expansion of empires and innovations in transportation technologies.
• What were the main goods traded across the Sahara?

  Africans sold gold, ivory, and enslaved Africans to Arabs, while Arabs sold horses and paper to Africans.
• What was the significance of the Mali Empire in Trans-Saharan trade?

  The Mali Empire facilitated Trans-Saharan trade and communication as it expanded and controlled much of the gold trade.
• Who was Mansa Musa, and what was notable about his journey to Mecca?

  Mansa Musa was the leader of the Mali Empire, and he distributed so much gold on his journey to Mecca that its value fell in some regions.
• How did the governance structure in Africa change from kin-based groups to kingdoms?

  As populations grew, the decentralized governance of kin-based groups became harder to maintain, leading to the emergence of kingdoms after c. 1000.
• Who was Sundiata, and what did he accomplish?

  Sundiata was the founder of the Mali Empire, who returned from exile to defeat invaders around c. 1240.
• What was the economic basis of the Mali Empire?

  The Mali Empire's wealth was based on mining gold and trading it in the Trans-Saharan trade.
• What currencies were used in the Mali Empire?

  The main currencies in Mali were gold dust and salt.
• How did the kingdom of Zimbabwe create wealth?

  The kingdom of Zimbabwe created wealth primarily through trade and gold mining.
• How did Zimbabwe conduct its trade?

  Zimbabwe traded primarily across the Indian Ocean through the port of Sofala.
• What was the architectural innovation of Great Zimbabwe?

  The Great Zimbabwe was surrounded by a large stone wall built without mortar.
• What architectural achievements were associated with the kingdom of Axum?


  Axum's rulers ordered churches shaped like a cross to be carved out of rock as a symbol of their power.
• How did the Trans-Saharan trade affect cultural interactions?

  The Trans-Saharan trade increased cross-cultural interactions between sub-Saharan Africa and the Middle East, leading to the diffusion of cultural traditions such as Islam.
• When was Islam introduced to the region that would later become the Mali Empire?


  Islam was introduced in the 9th century through the Trans-Saharan trade routes.
• What role did Timbuktu play in the Mali Empire?

  Timbuktu became a wealthy center for Islamic learning supported by the expanding trade networks of the Mali Empire.
• What actions did Mansa Musa take to promote Islam after his journey to Mecca?

  Mansa Musa ordered the construction of mosques and Islamic schools in trading cities and supported advanced Islamic education.
• How did Hindu and Buddhist beliefs spread in Southeast Asia?

  Hindu and Buddhist beliefs spread from South Asia to Southeast Asia along the Indian Ocean trade routes.
• What was the impact of the Mongol conquest of Baghdad in 1258 on trade?


  The Mongol conquest disrupted the Muslim-controlled trade route, leading to the creation of diasporic communities by Muslim merchants.
• How did diasporic communities influence local cultures?

  Merchants in diasporic communities introduced their cultural traditions into indigenous cultures, often leading to conversions to Islam.
• What was the role of Sufi missionaries in spreading Islam?

  Sufi missionaries were successful at spreading Islam by allowing it to mix with local religious beliefs, forming syncretic religions.
• Who was Ibn Battuta, and what did he do?

  Ibn Battuta was a Muslim scholar from Morocco who traveled throughout the Islamic world and dictated accounts of his travels.
• What was the significance of Zheng He's voyages during the Ming Dynasty?


  Zheng He's voyages exposed other societies to Chinese culture and influenced the Sultanate of Malacca.
• How did the Aztec Empire expand its reach?

  The Aztec Empire expanded its reach through military conquests and forced neighboring peoples to give tribute.
• What agricultural innovation did the Aztecs create to adapt to their environment?

  The Aztecs created floating farms called chinampas in the lake.
• What was the significance of human sacrifice in Aztec culture?

  Human sacrifice was a way for the Aztecs to repay the gods for their sacrifices in creating the world.
• How did the Mayan civilization govern itself?

  The Mayan civilization used a city-state system where each city ruled itself and was governed by a chief.
• What was the peak period of the Mayan civilization?

  The Mayan civilization was at its peak from 250-900 CE.
• What characterized the Mississippian society in North America?

  The Mississippian society built enormous earth mounds and was in decline by 1450.