Carbohydrates

• Monosaccharides are simple sugars, disaccharides are double sugars and polysaccharides are long chains of monomers.
• Hexose sugars contain 6 carbon atoms
• Pentose sugars contain 5 carbon atoms
• Glucose is a hexose sugar that can for 2 isomers a-glucose and Ɓ-glucose
• a-glucose 


  -main substrate for respiration

  -carbohydrates are transported in mammalian blood

  -forms starch and glycogen
• Ɓ-glucose


  -forms cellulose
• Fructose


  -found in nectar and many fruits

  -with glucose forms the dissaccharide sucrose
• Galactose


  -with glucose forms the dissaccharide lactose
• Glycosidic


  -bond between 2 monosaccharides the reaction is a condensation reaction.
• Maltose


  -glucose + glucose

  -formed from the breakdown of starch in seed germination
• Sucrose


  -glucose + fructose

  -Form in which sugars are transported in the phloem in plants 
• Lactose


  -glucose + glactose

  -Sugar found in milk; energy source for suckling mammals
• Amylose


  -long unbranded forms coiled/spring shape

  -1-4 bonds
• Amylopectin


  -long branched chains due to glycosidic bonds
• Cellulose


  -made from Ɓ-glucose the chains are linked together by hydrogen bonds, between the glucose molecules in each chain to form thicker fibres called microfibres