Cell Structure and Taxonomy

• study of the structure and function of cells


  cytology
• Eu means


  true
• Karyo/Karyon means 


  nut or nucleus
• has a true nucleus (nuclear membrane surrounds the DNA) 


  eukaryote
• complex intracellular structure is formed by organelles (membrane-bound)


  eukaryote

  A) Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
• also called plasma, cytoplasmic, or cellular membrane 


  cell membrane
• cell membrane

  made up of protein and phospholipid
• cell membrane


  separates the cell contents from its environment
• Selective permeability 


  regulates the transport of materials (nutrients, waste products, and secretions) into and out of the cell
• Cell wall consist of cellulose is present in


  plant cells
• Cell wall consist of cellulose, chitin, or something inorganic (like Diatom’s silica wall) is


  eukaryotic microbes
• Nuclear membrane


  pair of unit membranes separated by a space
• inner membrane 


  commonly a simple sac
• outer membrane 


  continuous with the ER in several areas
• nuclear membrane


  with Nuclear holes that allows entry and exit of materials in the nucleus
• encloses the nucleus 


  nuclear membrane
• nucleus’ gelatinous matrix or base material 


  Nucleoplasm
• includes linear DNA molecules and proteins (Histones and Non-histone)


  Chromosomes
• found along the DNA molecules are genes


  Chromosomes
• Each gene contains 


  genetic information that permit the cell to produce one or more gene products
• Ribonucleic acid 


  RNA
• Ribosomal Ribonucleic acid


  rRNA
• transfer Ribonucleic acid 


  tRNA
• genome


  organism’s complete collection of genes
• dark area, site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis 


  Nucleolus
• Ribosomal proteins 


  synthesized in the cytoplasm
• Ribosomal proteins

  transported into the nucleolus and combine with ribosomal RNA to form the ribosome
• nucleus


  controls the entire cell functions
• cytoplasm


  semifluid, gelatinous, nutrient matrix
• located within the area of cytoplasm


  insoluble storage granules and various cytoplasmic organelles
• with highly specific function


  organelle
• all of their respective functions of organelle 


  are interrelated to maintain the cell and allow it to properly perform its activities
• semifluid portion 


  cytosol
• cytoplasm


  where most of the cell’s metabolic reactions happen
• endoplasmic reticulum


  network of tubules and flattened sacs
• rough, granular appearance; with ribosomes attached on its membrane’s outer surface


  Rough Endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
• produces glycoproteins and new membrane material 


  Rough Endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
• Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum (SER)


  without ribosomes attached
• lipid synthesis and some aspects of carbohydrate metabolism 


  Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
• made up of rRNA and proteins 


  ribosomes