memory

• what is it meant by the term coding?

  the way in which information is stored
• give one strength and weakness of Baddleys coding study

  Strength - standardised , easily replicated, high reliability

  weakness - low ecological validity
• what is meant by term capacity?


  the amount of information that can be stored
• what is it meant by the term duration?


  the length of time that information can be stored for
• Define short term memory

  a temporary store for information from the present or immediate past
• Define long term memory

  a relatively permanent store for memories of events from the distant past
• what is it meant by the term sensory register?


  the place where information is held for each of the 5 senses for a short period of time
• define the term iconic store


  this is where visual images are kept for a short period
• define the term echoic store


  this where auditory senses are kept for a short period
• what does the haptic store in sensory memory do

  it retains physical senses of touch and internal muscle tensions
• What is the aim of the digit span study by Jacobs (1887)


  to access the capacity of the STM
• Give one strength and one weakness of Jacobs digit span study

  Strengths - it was a lab experiment so there were high levels of control

  Weakness - Lacks ecological validity (not generalised to real life)
• What is Miller's Magic Number?


  7 +/- 2
• what was the aim of Peterson and Petersons study 1959


  To test how long STM lasts when rehearsal is prevented
• Give one strength and weakness of Petersons study

  dStrength - lab experiment so there is high levels of control

  weakness - lacks ecological validity (not realistic to real life). may have gotten confused with other trigrams
• who conducted a study on LTM capacity

  Marigold Linton
• who conducted a study on the duration of LTM

  Bahrick et al
• Give one strength and weakness of Bahricks study

  strength - high levels of ecological validity, realistic to real life

  weakness - poor control of of experiment, ungeneralised findings
• who conducted a study to test the effects of acoustic and semantic similarity in STM and LTM


  Baddely
• What is the sensory register?


  The place where information is held for each of the senses and the corresponding areas of the brain. it is constantly recieving information, but it csn only be transferred to STM if paying attention

  large capacity
• What is the duration of STM

  up to 30 secs
• What is the capacity and duration of the LTM

  UNLIMITED
• What is retrieval


  the process of getting information from LTM involves the information passing back through the STM.
• Who suggested there are three types of LTM as the M was too simplistic

  Tulving
• Name the three LTM stores suggested by Tulving

  Episodic

  Semantic

  Procedural
• What are episodic memories


  a personal recollection of events

  time stamped

  consciously recalled
• What are semantic memories

  general factual knowledge about the world that is shared by everyone
• what are procedural memories


  a memory of how to do something eg writing or how to ride a bike
• Who proposed the Working Memory Model?

  Baddeley and Hitch
• Describe the working memory model


  Replaced the idea of a unitary STM. It suggests a system involving active processing and short term storage of information.
• State the key features of the WMM

  Central executive

  the phonological loop

  visuospatial sketchpad

  episodic butter - later added
• What is the central executive?


  processes information in all sensory forms, directs information to other slave systems and collects responses

  has a limited capacity and deals with only one piece of information at a time
• What the CE deal with?

  Cognitive tasks such as decision maknig, mental arithmetic and problem solving
• What is the phonological loop?

  a temporary storage system for holding verbal information in a speech based form
• Which 2 parts is the PL further divided into?

  Phonological store (inner ear) - stores words you heas

  Articulatory process (inner voice) - allows maintenance rehearsal repeats words
• Name the second slave system of the wmm

  Visuospatial sketchpad is a limited capacity temporary memory system for holding visual and spatial information
• What are the two parts if the VSS

  The visual cache - stores visual data about form and colour

  Inner scribe - records arrangement of objects
• What is the episodic buffer

  third slave system, acts as a temporary store for information

  intergrates information for all systems
• Outline a positive evaluation of the WMM

  Evidence in support comes from Baddeley and Hitch's study on duel tasks - PPs had to complete two tasks at the same time.

  Tasks involving the same component of the WMM caused difficulty and tasks involving different components could be completed
• Define what it is meant by forgetting

  Failure to retrieve memories due to interference or memories being damaged