Physics P1

• Who proposed that everything was made of tiny spheres called atoms in 1800?

  Dalton
• What did JJ Thomson discover in 1897?

  The electron
• What was hypothesized by JJ Thomson regarding the structure of the atom?

  The Plum Pudding Model
• What units can distance be measured in?

  Distance can be measured in mm, cm, m, and km.
• What units can time be measured in?

  Time is measured in ms, s, mins, and hours.
• How is speed calculated using distance and time?

  Speed is calculated using the formula: $speed =$$\frac{distance}{time}$.
• What significant realization did Rutherford make in 1911 about the atom?

  Most of the atom was empty space
• What is the difference between a vector and a scalar?

  A vector has magnitude and direction, while a scalar has only magnitude.
• Why can vectors be negative while scalars cannot?

  Vectors can be negative because the sign indicates a direction, whereas scalars do not have direction.
• What type of quantity is speed and what type is velocity?

  Speed is a scalar quantity, while velocity is a vector quantity.
• What do distance-time graphs represent and how can they be interpreted?

  • Time is on the x-axis and distance on the y-axis.
  • The gradient shows velocity.
  • A steeper gradient indicates faster speed.
  • A negative gradient indicates returning to the starting point.
  • A horizontal line indicates the object is stationary.
  • A curved line indicates changing velocity (acceleration or deceleration).

  
• What experiment did Geiger and Marsden carry out in 1911?

  The Gold Foil Experiment
• What do velocity-time graphs represent and how can they be interpreted?

  • Time is on the x-axis and velocity on the y-axis.
  • The gradient shows acceleration.
  • A steeper gradient indicates greater acceleration.
  • A negative gradient indicates deceleration.
  • A horizontal line indicates constant speed.
  • The area under the curve gives total distance travelled.
  • A curved line suggests changing acceleration.

  
• How is average speed calculated when speed changes during motion?

  Average speed is calculated using the overall distance and total travel time: $average\ speed =$$\frac{total\ distance}{total\ time}$.
• What is electrostatic interaction?

  Electrostatic interaction occurs between charged particles, resulting in a force of attraction or repulsion.
• What is gravitational attraction?


  Gravitational attraction occurs between particles with mass.
• What model of the atom did Rutherford propose in 1913?

  The Rutherford Model
• What are contact forces and how do they act?

  Contact forces are experienced in the opposite direction to contact, such as friction, which opposes motion.
• What do free body force diagrams represent?

  • Show the direction of forces acting on an object.
  • The reaction force acts normal (perpendicular) to the line of contact.
  • Friction acts in the opposite direction to movement.
  • Weight acts vertically downwards from the object's center of mass.

  
• How do scale drawings represent forces?

  • The length of each arrow represents the size of the force.
  • A bigger arrow indicates a greater force.
  • The larger arrow shows the resultant force.
  • Equal length arrows in opposite directions indicate equilibrium.

  
• What does Newton's First Law state about an object's motion?

  Newton's First Law states that an object has a constant velocity unless acted on by a resultant force.
• What happens to a vehicle's acceleration as air resistance increases?

  As air resistance increases, the resultant acceleration from thrust decreases.
• Who produced the final model of the atom in 1913?


  Bohr
• What is Newton's Second Law and how is it expressed mathematically?

  Newton's Second Law states that the acceleration or deceleration depends on the resultant force and is expressed as $F =$$m \times a$.
• What is inertia?

  Inertia is the measure of how difficult it is to change the velocity of an object depending on its mass.
• How is momentum calculated and what are its units?

  Momentum is calculated as $p =$$m \times v$ and its units are Ns or kg·m/s.
• What happens in an elastic collision?

  • Momentum and kinetic energy are conserved.
  • Total momentum before collision equals total momentum after collision.
  • Total kinetic energy before collision equals total kinetic energy after collision.
• What is the recoil speed of a gun when a bullet is fired?

  The recoil speed of the gun can be calculated using momentum conservation principles.
• What are the main components of an atom?

  • Positively charged nucleus
  • Protons
  • Neutrons
  • Negatively charged electrons
• What does Newton's Third Law state?

  Newton's Third Law states that every action force has an equal and opposite reaction force.
• How does work relate to energy transfer?

  Work is done when energy is transferred from the object doing the work to another form.
• What is the relative mass and charge of a proton?

  Relative mass: 1, Relative charge: +1
• What is the formula for work done?

  The formula for work done is $w =$$F \times d$, where d is the distance moved along the line of action of the force.
• What happens when a single force is applied to an object?

  If a single force is applied to an object, it will move in that direction.
• What is deformation and what are its types?

  • Deformation refers to changes in shape caused by stretching forces.
  • Two main types:
  • Elastic Deformation: Returns to original shape after load removal.
  • Plastic Deformation: Does not return to original shape after load removal.

  
• What is Hooke's Law?


  Hooke's Law states that the force applied to a spring is proportional to its extension: $F =$$kx$.
• What does a linear line on a Force-Extension graph indicate?

  • Indicates elastic deformation and follows Hooke’s Law.
  • The gradient is equal to the spring constant, k.
  • The elastic limit is where the trend stops being linear.
• What is the relative mass and charge of an electron?

  Relative mass: 0 (0.0005), Relative charge: -1
• What does non-linear behavior on a Force-Extension graph indicate?

  Non-linear behavior indicates non-elastic behavior and does not obey Hooke’s Law.
• How is work done on a spring calculated?

  Work done on a spring can be calculated as the area under the force-extension graph: $W =$$\frac{1}{2} k x^2$.