kingdoms of life

• What are the five kingdoms of life excluding viruses?

  Animals, plants, fungi, protists, and bacteria
• Why are viruses considered the odd one out among living organisms?

  Because they are not actually living organisms and do not belong to any kingdom of life
• What type of cells are animals, plants, fungi, and protists made up of?

  Eukaryotic cells
• What is a key characteristic of eukaryotic cells?

  They have DNA in the form of chromosomes and contained within a nucleus
• How do bacteria differ from eukaryotic organisms?

  Bacteria are prokaryotic organisms and do not have a nucleus
• How much smaller are bacteria compared to eukaryotic cells?

  Bacteria are between 10 and 100 times smaller than eukaryotic cells
• What is the estimated number of animal species on Earth?

  Between 5 and 10 million species
• What are the three main characteristics of animals?


  They are multicellular, heterotrophs, and most reproduce sexually
• How many cells is an adult human estimated to be made up of?

  Around 40 trillion cells
• How do plants obtain their energy?

  Plants are autotrophs and get their energy from the sun using photosynthesis
• How many species of plants are estimated to exist?

  Around 300,000 species
• What is the main difference between fungi and plants?

  Fungi cannot photosynthesize and are heterotrophs, while plants are autotrophs
• What is saprotrophic nutrition in fungi?


  It is a process where fungi secrete digestive enzymes onto food outside their body and absorb the nutrients
• What is mycelium in fungi?


  Mycelium is a body made up of thread-like structures called hyphae
• What are pathogens in the context of fungi?


  Pathogens are fungi that can cause disease in humans
• What is the main characteristic of protists?


  Most protists are unicellular organisms
• What is the significance of chloroplasts in some protists?


  Chloroplasts allow some protists to photosynthesize
• What is an example of a protist that causes malaria?


  The species Plasmodium
• Where can bacteria be found?


  Bacteria can be found almost everywhere, including on skin and in intestines
• What is the role of bacteria in the human intestines?


  They help in digesting food
• What is the basic structure of a virus?

  A virus has a protein coat surrounding genetic material, which can be DNA or RNA
• Why are viruses considered parasites?

  Because they depend on living cells to reproduce
• What are some examples of viruses mentioned in the material?

  Influenza virus, tobacco mosaic virus, HIV, and COVID-19
• What are the key features of the five kingdoms of life?

  • Animals: multicellular, heterotrophs, reproduce sexually
  • Plants: multicellular, autotrophs, use photosynthesis
  • Fungi: multicellular or unicellular, heterotrophs, use saprotrophic nutrition
  • Protists: mostly unicellular, diverse energy sources (some autotrophic, some heterotrophic)
  • Bacteria: unicellular, diverse habitats, some pathogenic, some beneficial
• What are the main differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms?

  • Eukaryotic organisms:
  • Have a nucleus
  • DNA in chromosomes
  • Larger size (10-100 times larger than prokaryotes)
  • Prokaryotic organisms:
  • No nucleus
  • Loose DNA in the cell
  • Smaller size
• What are the characteristics of fungi?

  • Can be multicellular or unicellular
  • Heterotrophs (cannot photosynthesize)
  • Use saprotrophic nutrition
  • Some can be pathogens
  • Have structures like mycelium and hyphae
• What is the role of viruses in relation to living organisms?

  • Viruses are not living organisms
  • They reproduce only inside living cells
  • They are considered parasites
  • Always cause harm to their hosts