Psychology- social psychology

• What is the main focus of Asch's research?

  Conformity
• What are the variables affecting conformity according to Asch?

  • Group Size
  • Unanimity
  • Difficulty of Task
• What are the three types of conformity?


  1. Internalisation
  2. Identification
  3. Compliance
• What are the two main explanations of conformity?

  • Informational Social Influence
  • Normative Social Influence
• Who conducted research on conformity to social roles?

  Zimbardo
• What are the three explanations of obedience according to Milgram?

  Agentic Shift, Legitimacy of Authority, Situational Variables
• What are the situational variables affecting obedience?

  • Proximity
  • Location
  • Uniform
• What dispositional explanation is associated with obedience?

  Authoritarian Personality
• What are the explanations for resisting conformity and obedience?

  • Social Support
  • Locus of Control
• What is the focus of minority influence research?

  Factors associated with minority influence
• What factors are associated with minority influence?


  • Consistency
  • Commitment
  • Flexibility
• How do social influence processes contribute to social change?


  • Social influence processes can lead to changes in societal norms and behaviors.
• Who is associated with the concept of conformity?

  Asch
• Who is associated with the concept of obedience?

  Milgram
• Who is associated with conformity to social roles?

  Zimbardo
• Who is associated with the authoritarian personality?


  Adorno
• What is conformity?


  A change in belief or behavior to fit in with a group
• What is informational social influence?

  The desire to be right and accepting information from others as evidence about reality
• When is informational social influence more likely to occur?


  In ambiguous situations or when others are perceived as experts
• What is the outcome of informational social influence?

  It leads to internalisation, changing both public and private attitudes
• What did Jenness's study demonstrate about informational social influence?


  Participants changed their estimates to be closer to the group estimate in an ambiguous situation
• What is a strength of informational social influence?

  Research support from studies like Jenness's
• What is a limitation of informational social influence?

  It may lack ecological validity due to artificial tasks
• What is normative social influence?

  The desire to be liked and accepted by a group
• How does normative social influence affect opinions?

  It affects public opinions but not likely private opinions
• What did Asch's study reveal about normative social influence?

  Participants conformed to avoid social embarrassment
• What is a strength of normative social influence?

  It has been successfully used to manipulate behavior in real-world situations
• What is a limitation of normative social influence?


  People may not recognize its effect on their behavior
• What are the three types of conformity and their characteristics?

  1. Compliance:

  • Superficial conformity for approval
  • No change in underlying attitude

  1. Identification:

  • Deeper conformity for group association
  • Temporary acceptance of attitudes

  1. Internalisation:

  • Deepest level of conformity
  • Permanent acceptance of group views

  
• What is the supporting study for compliance?

  Asch's study
• What is the difference between identification and internalisation?

  Identification is temporary, while internalisation is permanent
• What did Kelman's study demonstrate about types of conformity?

  Different situations lead to different types of conformity
• What is a limitation of the classification of types of conformity?

  It is difficult to distinguish between public compliance and private acceptance
• What is ingratiational conformity?


  Conforming to gain approval and social rewards from the group
• What is the procedure of Asch's study?


  Participants were asked to match lines in a group setting with confederates giving wrong answers
• What were the findings of Asch's study?

  Participants conformed to the majority's wrong answer 32% of the time
• What is a strength of Asch's study?

  It has high internal validity due to controlled conditions
• What is a limitation of Asch's study regarding ecological validity?

  The task was artificial and may not reflect real-life conformity
• What is a limitation of Asch's study regarding temporal validity?

  It may not apply to today's population due to societal changes
• What did Bond and Smith's meta-analysis reveal about conformity?

  Conformity levels vary considerably across cultures