Emergence of Sport

• Outline two reasons why sporting occasions were closely associated with the farming year and church calendar (2)

  - Only free time from work so leisure time

  - Chance to let off steam led to combats and team challenges

  - Social gatherings (gambling and alcohol)

  - Patronage of the church/land for competitions/ prizes

  - Village rivalry promoted competition
• Outline the characteristics of popular recreation in pre-industrial Britain (1)

  - Brutal

  - Localised

  - Uncodified

  - Occasional
• List four characteristics of mob activities (4)

  - Violent

  - Unwritten rules

  - Occasional

  - Based on ritual

  - Wagering

  - Local

  - Unpopular with church and aristocracy

  - Peasants

  - Simple
• Identify four factors that aided the development of sport during the Industrial Revolution

  - Increased leisure time

  - Better transport

  - Increasing media exposure

  - Increased literacy skills

  - Developments in technology and communication

  - Urbanisation

  - Working class had greater aspirations

  - Growth of sports clubs and GBs
• Outline four reasons for the development of factory teams in the latter half of the 19th century (4)

  - Regular working hours meant more sport time

  - Support from factory owners who provided equipment

  - Community identity through teams

  - Release from hardships of work

  - Improve health and fitness

  - Increases transport links

  - Codification
• Explain the effects of the industrial revolution on recreational activities (6)


  - Urbanisation led to limited space for recreation and play therefore leading to defining specific playing spaces

  - Transport enabled people to travel and play so a common set of rules were needed

  - Oxbridge melting pot of the rules of local games

  - Industrialisation led to a need for an educated work force which helped record rules

  - Transport links developed inter-town/city rivalries grew

  - Workers needed a release from industrial hardship so sought recreational pursuits
• Summarise the impact of the industrial revolution on sport in British society (4)

  - Sport became codified

  - Rise in professional sports

  - Sport became commercialised

  - Rise in spectators

  - Sport shifted from rural to urban

  - Specific games centres emerged

  - Regular times to play were set aside

  - Technical developments came into sport
• What are broken-time payments? (1)

  Payments made to performers from team owners or clubs who took time off work to play sports
• What is the Oxbridge melting pot? (1)

  Different games were taken to Oxbridge from public schools where they mixed and became standardised versions of the game
• Define the terms 'Gentleman Amateur' and 'Playing Professional' (2)

  Gentleman Amateur: Wealthy, high society position without need for financial compensation to play sport

  Playing Professional: Workers of low social position who needed financial compensation to afford to play sports
• Explain three different reasons that led to the establishment of NGBs for sports in the late 19th century (6)

  Transport:

  Railway network allowed travel across a wider area therefore requiring agreed formal structure

  
  

  Education:

  Increased literacy rates enables a wider population to understand a common set of written rules

  
  

  Urbanisation:

  The decrease in available space led to the need for a common playing area for games and spectators

  
  

  Law and Order:

  Government legislation reduced violence in games and led to safety considerations

  
  

  Press:

  Newspapers could print results and fuel the need for NGB's to administer their sport through formalisation and regulations
• Outlie two advantages and two disadvantages of competitors performing for corporations rather than countries (4)

  Advantages:

  - Allows teams to recruit top performers irrespective of nationality so raises standards

  - Removes nationalism so allows anyone to follow teams

  - Sponsorships can come from any company with no national ties

  Disadvantages:

  - Performers and teams have no national identity that binds them together

  - Fans lack passion seen when supporting club teams

  - Corporations are 'faceless' with no affinity to fans

  - Corporations may have negative image
• Summarise advantages of competing for corporations rather than geographically based teams (6)

  - Higher investments from corporations/higher wages for players

  - Supporters associate with image rather than geographical location

  - Enhancement o production design for corporations which raises standards

  - Develops player loyalty

  - Attracts best performers

  - Prize money increase
• Using sporting examples, explain the view that many teams and athletes are now influenced by corporations (6)

  - Some teams are owned by corporations (e.g. Red Bull in F1)

  - Some teams are named after the corporation (e.g. Ferrari in F1)

  - Athletes are more accountable to the sponsor than the team sometimes

  - Sponsors can demand that athletes compete in prestigious competitions

  - TV corporations dictating when a sporting event takes place

  - Corporations pay vast sums for naming rights of stadiums (e.g. Etihad stadium)
• Describe two characteristics of a sports structure based on a system of franchises (2)

  - Limited teams in a league

  - No promotion or relegation

  - Franchise is a financial purchase to provide a team in a league

  - League can expand

  - Franchises can move from city to city/relocate

  - Normally only one team per sport in each city
• Give two disadvantages of competing for a corporation rather than a geographically based team (2)

  - No national affinity

  - Competition tends to be spread over numerous countries

  - Success may reflect more on corporation

  - Can be dominated by richer corporations
• State three advantages of the migration of sporting labour (3)

  - Increase in standard of domestic competitions

  - Opportunities for performers from poorer nations

  - Improvement in techniques and tactics

  - Positive stereotypes/increase cultural understanding

  - Opportunities to compete for other nations

  - Foreign coaches bringing new ideas

  - Widens participation base

  - Opportunity to play with best players
• Summarise the impact of labour migration on domestic sport (4)

  - Increased playing standards

  - Changes in lifestyle attitudes e.g. professionalism to poor diets

  - Attitudes to training

  - Decrease in opportunities for home grown talent

  - Loss of fan affinity to local talent

  - Inevitable rise in costs to view