Muscular-Skeletal System

• Define circumduction (1)

  - a circular shaped movement describe by the body part
• Define plantar flexion (1)

  - pointing the toes at the ankle joint
• Define adduction (1)

  - movement towards the mid-line of the body
• Define supination(1)

  - turning the palm of the hand to face upwards
• Define dorsi flexion (1)

  - bringing the toes or fingers upwards
• Identify the type of movement made when an athlete points their toes (1)

  - plantar flexion
• Using a sporting example, explain the difference between rotation and circumduction (4)

  - Rotation is a movement around a mid-point whereas circumduction is a circular movement that resembles a shape
• Define pronation (1)

  - the rotation of the hand and forearm so that the palm faces backwards or downwards
• Define abduction (1)

  - the moment away from the mid-line of the body
• Identify the movements possible at the ankle joint (4)

  - inversion

  - eversion

  - plantar flexion

  - dorsi flexion
• Describe the frontal and sagittal planes of movement and give a sporting example for each (4)

  - Frontal plane is any lateral movement that is parallel to the line

  - sagittal play is any forward or backward movement parallel to the line
• Describe the muscular actions at the right knee joint during the preparation phase of taking a penalty (3)

  - hamstring and quadriceps are the antagonistic pair

  - the hamstring contracts concentrically

  - the quadricep relaxes

  - this causes flexion at the knee
• List the bones that articulate at the shoulder joint (2)

  - scapula

  - humerus
• List the bones that articulate at the knee (3)

  - femur

  - tibia

  - patella
• describe the following movement terminoloy and give a physical activity for each movement: abduction, circumduction, rotation and plantar flexion (8)

  - abduction is the movement where the body part moves away from the midline of the body (leg in a cartwheel)

  - circumduction is a movement that consists of flexion, abduction, extension and adduction to create a cone shape in space (circular hand dance)

  - rotation is the movement around the axis down the centre of a long bone (delivery of discus throw)

  - plantar flexion is the movement of the foot that results in the toe pointing downwards (diving off springboard)
• Identify the planes of movement (3)

  - sagittal

  - transverse

  - frontal

  
• What is the primary function of long bones (2)

  - act as levers for a muscle to attach to

  - muscles contract and pull on the bone to cause movement
• Sate a type of cartilage, where it is located and describe its characteristics and role (4)

  - white fibre cartilage

  - in the knee joints

  - its very strong/tough

  - eliminates shock
• Using example, outline the two types of isotonic muscle action (4)

  - concentric contractions involve the muscle shortening when contracting

  - example - biceps brachii in upward phase of bicep curl

  - eccentric contraction involves the muscle lengthening while contracting

  - example - biceps brachii in downward phase of bicep curl
• Summarise the SSC (3)

  - stage 1 - eccentric stage where the muscles are preloaded

  - stage 2 - amortisation phase which is the delay between stage 1 and 3

  - stage 3 - concentric stage where the contraction is gained as a result of stage 1 and 2
• Using a sporting example, describe the term isometric contraction (2)


  - muscles don't move at all to contract or develop tension

  - example - holding a squat position
• Differentiate between concentric, eccentric and isometric muscle contraction using practical examples (6)

  - concentric- the muscle shortens whilst producing tension for example driving upward phase in squat

  - eccentric- the muscle lengthens whilst producing tension for example landing from a jump off a box

  - isometric stays the same length whilst producing tension for example, holding a plank position
• Explain how the type of muscle contraction changes as a weightlifter moves from the squat position to standing and back (4)

  - squat to standing is concentric

  - standing to squat is eccentric
• Define eccentric contraction (1)

  - muscle lengthens whilst contracting
• Define concentric contraction (1)

  - muscle shortens whilst contracting
• List two movements made at the knee (2)

  - flexion

  - extension
• Define prime mover (1)

  - the muscle that is directly responsible for creating the movement produced at a joint
• Define agonist and antagonist (2)

  - agonist is p primarily responsible for the movement

  - antagonist opposes the agonist and prevents it from over stretching
• Define synergist and fixator (2)

  - synergist is the muscles that aids the action of the prime mover

  - fixator acts to stabilise the joint at which the prime mover acts
• Suggest two factors that could affect the range of movement at the hip joint (2)

  - shape of ball and socket joint

  - elasticity of attached ligaments
• Identify the main agonist muscle groups responsible for the movement pattern of a weightlifter moving from the squat position to the standing position and back to the squat position (4)

  - squat to standing agonist is gluteus maximum and antagonist is hamstring

  - standing to squat agonist is quadriceps
• Using the muscle that creates flexion at the trunk, explain what is meant by antagonistic muscle action (4)


  - agonist is the active muscle

  - antagonist relaxes

  - when trunk is flexing the agonist is the rectus abdomninus

  antagonist id erector spine
• Summarise the different roles a muscle can perform(4)

  - agonist: responsible for the movement

  - antagonist: prevent overstretching of agonist

  - fixator: stabilise the bone where the prime mover originates

  - synergist: stabilise the joint where the prime move is acting
• Using sporting example, examine how the body uses third class levers at the elbow joint (6)

  - Pivot is at the elbow and the forearm acts as the lever arm

  - the biceps provide the effort and bends the forearm against the weight of the forearm and any extra weight (load)

  - load is further from the pivot then the effort so there is no technical advantage as the effort is greater than the load, but gives a greater speed of movement

  - the greater distance between the effort and the fulcrum the less effort is required to move a resistance. Rackets are often used to increase the length which will increase the force that the object is hit with
• Bones can be put into categories depending on their function. What is the primary function of long bones (2)

  - acts as levers and a point for muscles to attach to
• Describe the three elements of the third class lever at the elbow joint in a bicep curl (3)

  - fulcrum is the elbow joint

  - effort is the biceps contracting

  - load is the weight of forearm and weight being lifted
• Using a sporting example, summarise Newtons law of acceleration (2)

  - an increase in velocity of the moving object is directly proportional to the force applied and inversely proportional to the objects mass

  - if you throw a larger object with the same force the net force is less and it will not accelerate as much
• Using a sporting example, summarise Newtons law of Action and Reaction (3)


  - for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

  - a weightlifter exerts a force on the weight to hold it above their head

  - gravity exerts an equal and opposite force back to the ground
• State Newtons law of inertia (1)

  - a body continues in a state of rest or uniform velocity unless acted upon by an external force
• Using Newtons law of inertia, identify how the footballer moves the ball towards the goal (1)


  - when the footballer applies force to the ball, it moves