Sport History

• Pre-industrial sporting occasions were closely associated with the farming year and the church calendar. Outline two reasons why there occasions were important for sport in pre-industrial Britain (2)


  - it was a chance for them to let off steam and so led to the development of combat sports such as mob sports

  - it was their one day off of work and only chance to have leisure time
• Outline the characteristics of popular recreations in pre-industrial Britain (4)

  - limited transport (localised)

  - illiterate (uncodified)

  - harsh society (violent sports)

  - occasional
• List 4 characteristics of mob activities (4)

  - violent

  - occasional

  - unwritten rules

  - simple
• Before 1800 many people in the UK would have participated in mob activities. Summarise the characteristics of these activities (4)


  - localised due to lack of transport

  - there weren't many rules and so were uncodified

  - they were violent which reflected the harsh society

  - occasional as only got holy days for leisure time
• Identify 4 factors that aided the development of sport during the Industrial Revolution (4)

  - increased leisure time

  - better transport

  - increased media exposure

  - urbanisation
• Outline 4 reasons for the development of factory teams in the latter half of the 19th century (4)

  - support from the factory owners who provided space and kit

  - improved fitness and health

  - Factory Act gave time off on Saturday afternoons so more time for sport

  - increased productivity of workers
• Explain the effects of the industrial revolution on recreational activities (6)


  - urbanisation led to limited space for recreation leading to defined specific playing areas

  - transport enabled people to travel and play so rules had to be commonly set

  - regular working hours increased the chance of regular fixtures so leagues were developed
• Summarise the impact of the Industrial Revolution on sport in British society (4)

  - sport became organised and codified

  - rise in spectators increase money income

  - sport shifted from rural to urban settings

  - rise in national leagues and international fixtures
• State what is meant by the term broken-time payments (1)

  - payments made to performers from sports clubs to players who took time off work to play in the sports team to compensate for the loss of wages
• Identify two facts that led to the emergence and development of modern-day sport (2)

  - urbanisation

  - industrial revolution
• Define what is meant by the Oxbridge melting pot (1)


  - the universities became a melting pot for games where different games were mixed to standardise games
• Define the terms Gentleman Amateur and Playing Professional (2)

  - Gentleman Amateur: wealthy men who did not need financial compensation to participate in sport

  - Playing Professional: workers of low social position that needed financial compensation to afford to participate in sport
• Explains 3 different reasons that led to the establishment of National Governing Bodies for sport in the latter half of the 19th century (6)

  - the railway network allowed travel across wider geographical areas therefore requiring agreed formal structures

  - the increase of literacy rates enables a wider population to understand a common set of written rules

  - the decrease in available space led to the need for a common set of dimensions for areas of play and to accommodate spectators
• Outline 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of competitors performing for corporations rather than countries (4)

  ADVANTAGES

  - allows teams to recruit top performers

  - potential for performer to earn a higher salary/reward

  
  

  DISADVANTAGE

  - performers have no national identity

  - Corporations dictate the team and can withdraw funding
• Summarise the advantages of competing for corporations rather than geographically based teams (6)

  - increased financial support

  - develops player loyalty

  - increase popularity and profile

  - attracts the best performers

  - access to best facilities

  - supporters can follow even if not in close proximity
• Using sporting examples, explain the view that many teams and athletes are now influenced by corporations (6)

  - some teams are now owned by corporations such as Red Bull

  - Some teams are also named after those corporations such as Ferrari in F!

  - TV corporations can also dictate the there are commercial breaks (American football)

  - Athletes kits are plastered with sponsors ( Tour de France cyclists)

  - Corporations pay large amount of money to claim naming rights of stadiums (Emirates)
• Describe 2 characteristics of a sports structure based on a system of franchises (2)

  - limited teams in a league

  - franchise can be bought and sold
• Give 2 disadvantages of competing for a corporation rather than geographically based team (2)

  - no national affinity for competitors

  - supporters have no affinity with a home city
• State 3 advantages of the migration of sporting labour (3)

  - increased standard of domestic sport

  - opportunities for performers from poor nations

  - increase standards for weaker nations in global sport
• Summarise the impact of labour migration on domestic sport (4)

  - increased playing standards

  - increased audience attraction

  - decrease in opportunities for home grown players

  - rise in costs to view