psychology

• attachment theory suggests that infants are born with an innate need to form attachments with caregivers as they offer protection and security
• social referencing is when we look at others reactions to something new or unfamiliar to determine how we should react ourselves
• Extraversion is a personality trait defined by sociability, assertiveness, and positive emotions.
• Neuroticism is a personality trait associated with emotional instability, anxiety, and moodiness.
• FORMAL OPERATIONAL STAGE - Adolescents develop more advanced reasoning skills and become capable of hypothetico-deductive reasoning.
• Neuroticism is the tendency to experience negative emotions such as anxiety, fear, guilt, and depression.
• PREOPERATIONAL STAGE - Young children have difficulty understanding the perspectives of others and may be egocentric.
• CONCRETE OPERATIONAL STAGE - Children can think logically about concrete objects but struggle with abstract concepts.
• SENSORIMOTOR STAGE - Infants primarily rely on their senses and motor abilities to explore and understand the world around them.
• The preoperational stage (ages 2-7) is characterized by limited logical thinking abilities and egocentrism.
• Sensorimotor Stage (0-2 years): Babies are born without any language or symbolic thought capabilities.
• Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years): Children begin to use logical thinking and problem solving skills related to real-world situations.
• Concrete operational stage (ages 7-11): Children begin to use logic and reason to solve problems involving tangible objects or events.
• Formal operational stage (ages 11+): Teenagers are able to engage in abstract thought and consider multiple possibilities when solving complex problems.
• Egocentrism refers to the belief that one's own perspective is the only valid one.