Kohlberg

• what where the 3 levels called?

  pre conventional , conventional, post conventional.
• What kind of study did Kohlberg do?

  a longitudinal study with the same group of 75 middle class boys, from (10-16) to (22-28).
• Where else did he do this study apart from the USA?

  Taiwan, Mexico, Great Britain.
• What was the main aim for Kohlberg's study?

  To investigate whether moral development happens in stages and whether it is universal.
• What is the pre conventional level?

  The child is often well behaved and is responsive to labels of good and bad.
• What is the conventional level?

  Maintaining expectations and rules of the individuals family, group or culture is perceived and important- not only a concern with conforming to individual social order but also in maintaining and justifying this order.
• What is the post conventional order?


  Drive towards autonomous moral principles which have validity and application apart from authority- knows the morals of society and decides whether they follow them or not.
• What is stage 1?

  Orientation towards punishment and unquestioning respect to superior authority.
• What is stage 2?


  They do the right thing to do whatever satisfies ones own needs and maybe needs of others. Elements of fairness and mutual benefit ( what's in it for me).
• What is stage 3?

  Good-boy/ Good-girl. good behaviour that helps others and is approved by them- seeks approval ( what will they thing of me )
• What is the first stage of moral development according to the study material?

  Preconventional level
• What characterizes the preconventional level of moral development?


  It involves a focus on individual needs and mutual benefits.
• How does Stage 1 of the preconventional level differ from Stage 2?


  Stage 1 focuses on individual needs, while Stage 2 emphasizes mutual benefits.
• What is the main concern of the conventional level of moral development?


  Maintaining the expectations and rules of one's family or group.
• What are the stages of the conventional level of moral development?


  • Stage 3: Good-boy/good-gal orientation
  • Good behavior is that which helps others and is approved by them.
  • Stage 4: Orientation toward authority
  • Right behavior consists of doing one's duty and maintaining order.
• What is the focus of Stage 3 in the conventional level?


  Good behavior is that which helps others and is approved by them.
• What does Stage 4 emphasize in moral development?


  Respect for authority and maintaining social order.
• What characterizes the postconventional level of moral development?


  A drive toward autonomous moral principles independent of authority.
• What are the stages of the postconventional level of moral development?


  • Stage 5: Social-contract orientation
  • Right action is defined by standards agreed upon by society.
• How does Stage 5 differ from earlier stages in moral reasoning?


  It involves awareness of the relativism of personal values and societal standards.
• What question do moral dilemmas in the study aim to address?


  Whether virtue can be taught, practiced, or is an inborn attitude.
• What were the findings of Hartshorne & May's study on moral character?


  • No identifiable psychological personalities corresponding to virtues.
  • Cheating behavior varies by situation, not by character trait.
  • Cheaters express moral disapproval similar to non-cheaters.
• What did behavior theorists claim about virtue?


  Virtue is behavior acquired according to principles of learning.
• How do Freudians view the development of virtue?


  As superego identification with parents through love and authority balance.
• What was the focus of the research on moral reasoning conducted with American boys?


  It examined universal levels of development in moral thought through hypothetical dilemmas.
• How many American boys were studied in the research on moral reasoning?


  75 boys
• What type of dilemmas were presented to the boys in the moral reasoning study?

  Hypothetical moral dilemmas, some found in medieval works.