BIOTECH PERIODIC

• Cell Wall:

  • Function: Provides structural support and protection to the cell. It is made of cellulose and helps maintain the shape of the cell.

  •Nickname: “Cell’s Armor” or “Protective Barrier”

  
• Cell Membrane

  • Function: Regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

  • Nickname: “Gatekeeper” or “Selective Barrier

  
• Cytoplasm

  • Function: Gel-like substance where most cellular activities occur, including metabolic processes.

  • Nickname: “Cell Jelly” or “Cell Fluid”

  
• Nucleus

  • Function: Acts as the control center of the cell, containing genetic material and regulating cellular activities.

  •”Brain of the Cell”

  
• Nucleolus

  • Function: Produces ribosomes and synthesizes RNA.

  • Nickname: “Ribosome Factory” or “RNA Synthesis Center”

  
• Chloroplasts

  • Function: Conduct photosynthesis to convert light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose.

  • Nickname: “Photosynthesis Powerhouse” or “Green Factory”

  
• Mitochondria

  • Function: Generate ATP (energy) through cellular respiration.

  • Nickname: “Powerhouse” or “Energy Factory”

  
• Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

  • Function: Synthesizes proteins (rough ER) and lipids (smooth ER), and aids in their transport.

  • Nickname: “Cell’s Highway” (Rough ER) or “Lipid Factory” (Smooth ER)

  
• Ribosomes

  • Function: Sites of protein synthesis.

  • Nickname: “Protein Factories” or “Amino Acid Assemblers”

  
• Golgi Apparatus

  • Function: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other organelles.

  • Nickname: “Packaging Center” or “Shipping Department”

  
• Vacuoles

  • Function: Stores nutrients, waste products, and helps maintain turgor pressure.

  • Nickname: “Storage Tanks” or “Water Reservoirs”

  
• Lysosomes (ONLY IN PLANT CELL)

  • Function: Contain digestive enzymes to break down waste materials.

  • Nickname: “Cell’s Digestive System” or “Waste Disposal Unit”

  
• Animal cell

  
• Centrioles-the spindle fibers that help seperate chromosomes during miosis and mitosis

  nickname:”mitotic organizer”

  ONLY PRESENT IN ANIMAL CELL

  
• Prokaryotic Cells-no nucleus, no membrane bound organelles
• Example of Prokaryotic Cell is Bacteria Cell
• Eukaryotic Cell- A Cell that contains nucleus and membrane bound organelles
• Flagella-hair like

  
• Chromosome- a long, coiled DNA molecule that carries genetic information

  
• Plasmid- a small circular DNA molecule that is found in the bacteria cell
• Fusion- The process by which a substa Changes,from a solid to a liquid state
• Osmosis- the movement of solvent particles across a semi-permeable membrane from a dilute solution into a concentrated solution
• Diffusion- the movement of particles from high to low concentration
• Hypotonic- 90% water 10% solute
• Hyper tonic- 40% Solute 60% Water
• Isotonic- 80% water 20% solute
• Phagocytosis- the process of engulfing and digesting foreign particles
• Pinocytosis-an active, energy consuming process where extracellular fluid and solutes are taken up into a cell via small vesicles
• Active Transport-involves molecules moving against a gradient or other form of resistance, such as from an area of lower to higher charge
• Photosynthesis-the process by which green plants and certain other organisms transform light energy into chemical energy
• Sun-Ultimate Source
• All organism use energy to carry out all functions necessary to stay alive
• Cell Cycle-the series of events that occur in a cell to prepare cell division and to produce two new daughter cells

  
• Mitosis(Body Cells)- is the process single cell divides into teo, to make identical cells
• The are 46 Parent Cell
• Interphase-The cell grows in size and replicated its DNA to prepare for cell division

  
• Prophase- The chromosomes (genetic material) condense( coil tightly)

  
• Metaphase- the chormosomes align in the centre of the cell

  
• Anaphase- Chromatids seperate and move to opposite ends of the cell

  
• Telophase- Two new nuclei from around each set of chromosomes